倒装句高考真题_倒装高考真题及答案

1.求份英语必修二试题，最好是高考真题，典型题，要有正确的答案。

2.高中英语语法：省略与倒装详解。（不要习题）

3.高考英语语法:高中英语语法-“倒装”考点透析

4.高考文言文特殊用法真题

1、全部倒装

（1）表示地点、方位或时间的副词或介词短语如 here there then up down inout，away，off， in the room on the wall等置于句首，且主语是名词时

例句：At the foot of the mountain lies a village。

山脚下有一个村庄。

（2）表语置于句首，为保持句子平衡，或以示强调，或使上下文衔接需倒装

例句：Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.

出席会议的有怀特教、史密斯教授，还有许多其他客人

2、部分倒装

（1）only所修饰的词、短语或从句位于句首作语时

例句：Only then did he realize the importance of English.

只是在那时他才意识到英语的重要性

Only in this way can we learn English well

只有这样我们才能学好英语

Only when he came back did we find out the truth

只有当他回来时，我们才能查明事实真相

当only修饰主语时，句子不倒装。

例句：Only you can solve the problem.

只有你能解决这个问题。

（2）含有否定意义的副词或短语如 neverseldomhardly，rarelyby no means，at no time not until等位首时

例句：At no time should you give up studying.

在任何时候你都不应放弃学习。

（3）soo/neither/nor置于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时。

例句：They love having lots of friends,so do those with disabilities.

他们喜欢拥有许多朋友，残疾人也是如此。

I dont know who he is,and nor does she.

我不知道他是谁，她也不知道。

so表示是的，确实”时，重复上文表示赞同对方的观点时，主谓语不倒装。

例句：He works very hard.

他工作很努力

（4）so that中的so位于句首时

例句：So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs.

他说话声音这么大，楼上都听得见

（5）though/as引导让步状语从句时，意为“管”，通常把句中状语、表语或动词提前，若表语是名词，其前不用冠词

例句：Much as I like it,I don，t want to buy it.

尽管我很喜欢它，但我不想买

Try as he would,he might fail again.

尽管他还会尝试，但可能还会失败

（6）当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had，were或 should等时，如将略，则要将had，were或 should等移到主语之前

例句：Were I you,I would take his advice.

如果我是你，我会接受他的建议

Should it rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off.

So he does.他确实努力。

3、强调

强调句型的基本形式为Itis/was+被强调部分+thatwho+其他成分被强调部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。当强调部分为”人“时，可用that或who，其他情况下用that

例句：It was our English teacher that/whoi met at the school gate.

我在校门口遇见的是我们的英语老师。

It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.

汤姆是在公园丢了他的手表。

4、省略

（1）状语从句的省略有些时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句主语一致或从句的主语为it，而且从句的谓语动词又包含be，就可以省略从句中的“主语+be”部分。

例句：While(I was)in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Great Wall.

在北京时,我去游览了长城。

（2）还有诸如：if so（如果如此）；if any（如果有）；if in need（如果需要）；if necessary（如果有必要）

5、反意疑问句

(1)陈述部分含有must的反意疑问句must作“一定,准是”讲,可首先将句子改为“ am sure that从句,反意疑问部分的动词形式根据 be sure后的宾语从句的谓语动词形式确定。

(2)主句谓语动词 think，believe，suppose，guess，expect，imagine的主语为第一人称时,疑问部分的主语和谓语动词与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致；若他们的主语为第二、三人称时，后面的反问部分由主句来决定。

例句：I don' t believe he will succeed, will he?

我认为他不会成功,是吗?

6、祈使句

祈使句的主语是you，但一般被省略；当前面有呼语时，一般得补出主语you；否定式一般是在前面加Don’t。?

在“祈使句，+and／or／and then+句子”句型中，当祈使句中含有比较级时，可将祈使句中的谓语部分省略，只留下“比较级或比较级与名词，+and／or／and then+句子”。?

例句：Please bring the book to me.

求份英语必修二试题，最好是高考真题，典型题，要有正确的答案。

2015年高考英语同步训练之动词的时态和语态

Ⅰ.单项填空

2013年高考真题：

1. “What do you want to be？” asked Mrs. Crawford. “Oh, I ______ president，” said the boy, with a *** ile.(湖南)

A. have been B. am

C. was D. will be

2. Around two o'clock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat ______ us.(湖南)

A. bothers B. had bothered

C. would bother D. bothered

3. If nothing ______， the oceans will turn into fish deserts.(湖南)

A. does B. had been done

C. will do D. is done

4. — Have you heard about the recent election?

— Sure, it ______ the only thing on the news for the last three days.(湖南)

A. would be B. is

C. has been D. will be

5. — I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.

— I'm so sorry. But I ______ my homework. (湖南)

A. had done B. was doing

C. would do D. am doing

6. Shakespeare's play Hamlet ______ into at least ten different films over the past years. (北京)

A. had been made B. was made

C. has been made D. would be made

7. — Do you think Mom and Dad ______ late?

— No, Swiss Air is usually on time.(北京)

A. were B. will be

C. would be D. have been

8. Hurry up! Mark and Carol ______ us.(北京)

A. expect B. are expecting

C. have expected D. will expect

9. — So what is the procedure?

— All the applicants ______ before a final decision is made by the authority. (北京)

A. interview

B. are interviewing

C. are interviewed

D. are being interviewed

10. We ______ very early so we packed the night before.(新课标Ⅱ)

A. leave B. had left

C. were leaving D. have left

11. If we ______ now to protect the environment, we'll live to regret it. (新课标Ⅰ)

A. hadn't acted B. haven't acted

C. don't act D. won't act

12. When I first met Bryan I didn't like him, but I ______ my mind.(新课标Ⅰ)

A. have changed B. change

C. had changed D. would change

13. I ______ to visit you later that day, but I had to phone and cancel.(江西)

A. e B. came

C. am ing D. was ing

14. He was unhappy when he sold his guitar. After all, he ______ it for a very long time. (辽宁)

A. has had B. had had

C. has D. had

15. We are confident that the environment ______ by our further efforts to reduce pollution.(辽宁)

A. had been improved

B. will be improved

C. is improved

D. was improved

16. I didn't think I'd like the movie, but actually it ______ pretty good. (山东)

A. has been B. was

C. had been D. would be

17. — Oh no! We're too late. The train ______.

— That's OK. We'll catch the next train to London. (山东)

A. was leaving B. had left

C. has left D. has been leaving

18. The famous musician, as well as his students, ______ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.(福建)

A. were invited

B. was invited

C. have been invited

D. has been invited

19. The girl has a great interest in sport and ______ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.(福建)

A. took B. is taking

C. takes D. has been taking

20. Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others ______ essential to their development.(江苏)

A. is B. are

C. was D. were

21. — Could I use your car tomorrow morning?

— Sure. I ______ a report at home.(江苏)

A. will be writing B. will have written

C. have written D. have been writing

22. — What about your self?drive trip yesterday?

— Tiring! The road is being widened, and we ______ a rough ride.(江苏)

A. had B. have

C. would have D. have had

23. On Monday mornings it usually ______ me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. (陕西)

A. takes B. is taking

C. took D. will take

24. Jim ______ a late night film at home when, right in the middle of a thrilling scene, the television went blank.(陕西)

A. watched B. had watched

C. was watching D. would be watching

25. Hurry up, kids! The school bus ______ for us！(四川)

A. waits B. was waiting

C. waited D. is waiting

26. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers ______ one of the main pipes.(天津)

A. had repaired B. have repaired

C. repaired D. are repairing

27. During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs ______ sharply.(浙江)

A. was increasing B. has increased

C. had increased D. will be increasing

28. I felt very tired when I got home, and I ______ straight to bed.(重庆)

A. go B. went

C. had gone D. have gone

29. A Midsummer Night's Dream ______ at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.(重庆)

A. opens B. is opened

C. will open D. will be opened

30. I'm calling about the apartment you ______ the other day. Could you tell me more about it？(安徽)

A. advertised B. had advertised

C. are advertising D. will advertise

2014届模拟题：

31. Mr. Black ______ for Shanghai in a few days. Do you know when the earliest plane ______ on Sunday？(中原名校联盟高三上期第一次摸底考试)

A. leaves; takes off

B. leaves; is taking off

C. is leaving; is taking off

D. is leaving; takes off

32. The shoes are of high quality and ______ long.(中原名校联盟高三上期第一次摸底考试)

A. wore B. are worn

C. wear D. will be worn

33. Yesterday afternoon, I ______ basketball with my clas *** ates for two hours.(耒阳二中高三第一次月考摸底考试)

A. play B. played

C. have played D. had played

34. Over the past decades, sea ice ______ in the Arctic as a result of global warming.(黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学高三第一次月考)

A. had decreased

B. decreased

C. has been decreasing

D. is decreasing

35. Mr. White ______ his racing bicycle by himself yesterday, but I'm not sure whether it is ready.(衡阳市第八中学高三上期第二次月考)

A. repaired B. had repaired

C. was repairing D. would repair

36. It was reported that an agreement ______ between the two panies and that they would carry out a project together.(衡阳市第八中学高三上期第二次月考)

A. reached B. had been reached

C. was reached D. has been reached

37. Our new English teacher, who is said to have moved back to China, ______ in America for almost ten years.(安庆市望江中学高三上期期中考试)

A. lived B. has lived

C. was living D. had lived

38. He ______ football regularly for many years when he was young.(桂林市十八中高三上期第三次月考)

A. was playing B. has played

C. played D. had played

39. — How did you catch the thief?

— Well, he ______ some goods into his bag when I came around a corner in the shop. So I caught him.(吉林市普通中学高三开学摸底考试)

A. was putting B. was put

C. have put D. had put

40. — Dear me! I ______ you at first sight! But you do have changed a lot!

— Nor ______ I! You are no longer the Fat Girl! (淮安市清江中学高三上学期第一次月考)

A. haven't recognized; have

B. hadn't recognized; had

C. don't recognize; do

D. didn't recognize; did

41. — Hi, Michelle，I can't find my e?dictionary.

— Sorry, I ______ it. I guess I put it on the top shelf with my things.(江西省红色六校高三上学期第一次联考)

A. had used B. used

C. was using D. am using

42. There are frequently reports of accidents as fireworks ______， stored or transported. (辽宁省瓦房店高级中学高三10月月考)

A. have been made

B. are being made

C. were made

D. have made

43. — Mr. Harry, we want to hear what you think about the reform being carried out in our school.

— OK, I ______ to that.(潍坊市潍坊一中高三上学期10月份阶段性检测)

A. am ing B. have e

C. came D. e

44. Since Jack was laid off from his job three months ago, he ______ a new one, but without luck.(潍坊市潍坊一中高三上学期10月份阶段性检测)

A. looked for B. had looked for

C. is looking for D. has been looking for

45. Rain and high winds today ______ to take the place of yesterday's mild conditions.(烟台二中高三10月月考)

A. expect B. are expected

C. are expecting D. has expected

46. She gave me half, and ______ the other half for her hu *** and.(枣庄市滕州一中高三10月第一次单元测试)

A. kept B. had kept

C. keeps D. will keep

47. The puters made by our pany sell best, but several years ago no one could have imagined the role in the markets that they ______. (西安市长安区一中高三上学期第一次模拟考试)

A. were playing B. were to play

C. had played D. played

48. — You've left the light on.

— Oh, so I have. ______ to turn it off.(福建省德化一中高三上学期第二次质检)

A. I'll go B. I've gone

C. I go D. I'm going

49. Japan's economy ______ in the past twenty years. No one knows how long it ______ before it regains its increase.(成都七中高三上学期期中考试)

A. has been declining; will be

B. has declined; would be

C. had been in decline; would take

D. was on the decline; will take

50. The news came as no surprise to me. I ______ for some time that the factory was going to shut down.(泸州市泸县第九中学高三上学期第一次诊断模拟考试)

A. knew B. know

C. have known D. had known

Ⅱ.根据句子提供的语境，用动词的适当形式(时态和语态)完成句子

1. The play which ________________ (produce) next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.

2. Please do me a favor — ________________ (invite)my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight.

3. The government plans to bring in new laws which ________________ (force) parents to take more responsibilities for the education of their children.

4. A *** all plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city and ________________ (kill) all four people on board.

5. There is a great deal of evidence which ________________ (indicate) that music activities engage different parts of the brain.

6. Michael's new house is like a huge palace, if it ________________ (pare) with his old one.

7. — Why does the lake *** ell terrible?

— Because large quantities of water ________________ (pollute)．

8. According to the literary review, Shakespeare ________________ (make) his charities live through their language in his plays.

9. Would you please keep silent? The weather report ________________ (broadcast) and I want to listen.

10. — The food here is nice enough.

— My friend ________________ (introduce) me a right place.

11. — What is the price of petrol these days?

— Oh, it ________________ (rise) sharply since last month.

12. His sister left home in 1998, and ________________ (hear of) since.

13. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ________________ (rise) steadily since 1990.

14. I was out of town at the time, so I don't know exactly how it ________________ (happen).

15. Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ________________ (visit) Beijing next summer.

16. Mary went to the box office at lunchtime, but all the tickets ________________ (sell) out.

17. — What do you think of the movie?

— It's fantastic. The only pity is that I ________________ (miss) the beginning of it.

18. She stared at the painting, wondering where she ________________ (see) it.

19. — I've got to go now.

— Must you? I ________________ (think)you could stay for dinner with us.

20. Progress ________________ (be) so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.

21. The population of Jiangsu ________________ (grow)to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million.

22. — Good morning, Terry, can I use your puter for a while this afternoon?

— Sorry. It ________________ (use)．

23. — Ann is in hospital.

— Oh, really? I ________________ (not know). I ________________ (go) and visit her.

24. Great changes ________________ (take) place at the end of the 1980s.

25. Great changes ________________ (take) place since the end of the 1980s.

26. Great changes ________________ (take) place by the end of the 1980s.

27. When I last saw her, she ________________ (read) Harry Potter.

28. When the meeting ________________ (begin)，please e and take some notes. I think you know when the meeting ________________ (begin)．

第6节

Ⅰ.1. D　根据问句：你想当什么？可知时态为一般将来时态，故答案选D。

2. A　根据标志词every night及意识到句中will表示一种习惯性动作，故使用一般现在时态。

3. D　nothing与do之间为被动关系，只能选B、D；主句用一般将来时态可知，条件状语从句使用一般现在时态表示将来。故答案选D。

4. C　根据标志词for the last three days用现在完成时态，故答案选C。

5. B　根据语境，没去听课，是因为“在”做作业，用进行时。时间状语是“yesterday afternoon”所以用过去进行时态，故答案选B。

6. C　根据标志词over the past years应使用现在完成时态。

7. B　句意：你认为父母会迟到吗？故答案选B。

8. B　根据Hurry up！可知，Mark和Carol正在等我们。故选B，现在进行时态。

9. C　applicants与interview之间为被动关系，用被动语态；且句子描述一般情况，用一般现在时态。故答案选C。

10. C　句意：我们会很早离开，所以我们前一天晚上就打好包了，故使用过去进行时表过去将来的动作。故答案选C。

11. C　主句用一般将来时态，从句应使用一般现在时态，故答案选C。

12. A　句意：第一次见到Bryan时我不喜欢他，但现在我已经改变我的想法了。

13. D　句意：我那天本要去看你，但我不得不打电话取消， e的过去进行时态表过去将来。

14. B　句意：“卖”用sold，一般过去时， “拥有”是 “卖”之前的事，故用过去完成时态。

15. B　句意：我们充满信心……，证明此事还未发生，故使用一般将来时态，故答案选B。

16. B　句意：我认为我不会喜欢这部**，而实际上这是部相当好的**。根据上下时态一致，用一般过去时态陈述过去的事实。

17. C　句意：——我们太晚了，火车已经离开。——没关系，我们可以赶下一趟火车去伦敦。“已经离开”用现在完成时。

18. B　as well as之前的musician为句子主语， 对应谓语使用单数；再根据标志性词语at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo可知应使用一般过去时态。故答案选B。

19. D　根据标志词over the last three years 可知答案为D。

20. A　主语为motivation，故谓语为单数；根据语境及generally可知，描述的为一般情况，故使用一般现在时态，故答案选A。

21. A　句意为：——明天早上我可以用下你的车吗？——当然。我那时将会在家写报告。将来进行时态，表示将来的某一时间段正在发生的动作。故答案选A。

22. A　句意：我们昨天的自驾旅行是一次颠簸的旅行。故选一般过去时态。

23. A　根据标志词on Monday mornings，usually可以判断应用一般现在时态。故答案选A。

24. C　固定句型：was/ were doing sth. when…意为：正在做某事的时候，突然……。故答案选C，表示这一动作在过去一直在进行。

25. D　句意：快点，校车正在等我们。用现在进行时态，故答案选D。

26. D　句意：暂时断水了，因为工人在修一个主管道。根据句意，选现在进行时态。

27. B　根据标志词during the last three decades，用现在完成时态，故答案选B。

28. B　根据上下时态一致原则，and前后都应使用一般过去时态。

29. A　句意：《仲夏夜之梦》于6月19日在皇家剧院首映，然后在苏格兰各地巡回演出。根据上下时态一致原则，and前后时态一致，根据tours可知，and后也用一般现在时态。open在句中表示开演，用主动。

30. A　句中the other day为标志词，应用一般过去时。

31. D　第一空in a few days几天后用于一般将来时。第二空时刻表的动作用一般现在时表示将来。所以选D。

32. C　句意：鞋子质量好而且穿得久(耐穿)。事物的特征用一般现在时态的主动语态，所以选C。

33. B　yesterday afternoon为一般过去时的标志词，所以选B。

34. C　over the past (last) decades 为现在完成时的标志词，所以只有C正确。

35. C　根据上下文“我不知道他修好没有”，所以选过去进行时表示“昨天他在修自行车”。

36. B　根据上下文“两个公司之间已达成协议”，用完成时表示“已经”。另外，主句是一般过去时。所以从句相应用过去完成时。

37. A　根据上下文，老师现在已经搬回中国了，生活在美国是过去的经历，用一般过去时态。故答案选A。

38. C　when he was young是具体的过去时间，所以用一般过去时态。故答案选C。

39. A　根据上下文，“当我到商店的时候，他正把东西放进口袋”，所以用过去进行时态，故答案选A。

40. D　第一空是说第一眼没认出来(后来认出来了)，所以用一般过去时，第二空是倒装句，需要助动词，因为这句话完整的是：I didn't recognize you either，用倒装句是Nor did I。故答案选D。

41. B　根据上下文，“我用了(电子字典)”，是对话之前的动作，用一般过去时态。故答案选B。

42. B　根据上下文“烟花爆竹在生产，储存和运输过程中频出事故”，过程中用进行时态表示，只有B正确。

43. A　根据上下文“好的，我就说”，e, go, leave, move等表位移的动词用进行时表示将来，所以选A。

44. D　根据since句型，since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时。根据下文，“没有找到”，所以强调“一直在找”。所以选D。

45. B　根据上下文，“今天的大雨和大风”，用现在时。be expected to do“有望做……”，所以选B。

46. A　根据上下文，两个谓语动词并列，时态保持一致，gave为一般过去时，所以选A。

47. B　根据上下文“几年前，没人会想象它们在市场上所起的作用”，想象的是未来的事情，两者结合所以用过去将来时。were to do表示过去将来时。

48. A　根据上下文“哦，是的。我就去把它关了”，说话者表示临时的决定，用will do。be going to do表示计划好的事情。所以选A。

49. A　in the past(last) twenty years为现在完成时态的标志，根据下文，“没人知道什么时候再恢复增长”，时间状语从句中regains用现在时表示将来，所以第二空用一般将来时。所以A正确。

50. D　根据标志词for some time可知用完成时态，根据上文“消息传来，我一点不奇怪”，可见在消息传来之前就已经知道了。根据came一般过去时，选择过去完成时。

Ⅱ.1. will be produced　2. invite　3. force　4. killed　5. indicates　6. is pared　7. have been polluted　8. makes　9. is being broadcast　10. introduced　11. has risen　12. has not been heard of　13. has been rising　14.happened　15. is going to visit/will visit　16. had been sold　17. missed　18. had seen　19. thought　20. has been　21. has grown　22. will be being used　23. didn't know; will go　24. took　25. have taken　26. had taken　27. was reading　28. begins; will begin

高中英语语法：省略与倒装详解。（不要习题）

Unit 1 Cultural relics1. This is the first book ________ I bought this year. A. what B. that C. which D. it2. The policemen caught the man ________ was the escaped prisoner. A. who they thought B. whom they thought C. they thought him D. that they thought him3. We all consider Mr. Deng Xiaoping ________ a great leader of our country in recent ages. Which of the following can NOT be used in the blank? A. as B. to be C. be D. /4. I don’t skate now, but I ________ when I was a kid. A. used to B. am used to it C. used D. used to do5. The customer bargained with the shopkeeper for a long time, and finally they agreed ________ the price. A. to B. with C. on D. at6. They knocked him down and ________ him of his watch and pen. A. caught B. robbed C. stole D. snatched7. Jackson has a strange ________ of walking: he walks with one shoulder a little higher than the other. A. style B. type C. method D. set8. The police were ________ a search for the body of the man who disappeared. A. offering B. making C. taking D. giving9. We are facing a problem, and the government promises to ________ it as soon as possible. A. look for B. look out C. look into D. look through10. He received a letter with an unusual stamp on from his friend, which ________ his collection. A. added up to B. added to C. made up D. made up for Unit 2 The Olympic Games1. — Yang Yang carried off the first Winter Olympic ________ medal for China. — Great! What ________ she won for our motherland! A. golden; honour B. gold; honour C. golden; honours D. gold; honours2. I visit my parents ________. A. every three month B. each three months C. every the three month D. every three months3. In Sydney the Chinese team got 28 gold medals, ________ the third of all the ________ countries. A. ranking; competed B. ranked; competing C. ranking; competing D. ranked; competed4. ________ to say a thing in that way. A. It is considers wrong B. It is considered wrong C. It is considered it is wrong D. It is considering wrong5. A lot of things ________ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done6. A talk on Chinese history ________ in the school hall next week. A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives7. Do you think that the bridge ______ in a year? A. would be completed B. will be completed C. had been completed D. is being completed8. I promise that matter will ________. A. be taken care B. be taken care of C. take care D. take care of9. A new house ________ at the corner of the road. A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building10. Hundreds of jobs ________ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will loseUnit 11. B 当先行词被序数词所修饰时，关系代词只能用that。2. A 通过分析句子结构，在先行词是the man的定语从句中所应填入的关系代词作主语，they thought是插入语，且又指人，故关系代词用who。3. C consider当“认为”讲时，其结构为consider sb. as + n. 或consider sb. (to be) + n. / adj., 故只有C项是不对的。4. A 根据后半句的句意“但是当我是一个小孩子时，常常去滑冰。”故选短语used to do；但根据前一句 “I don’t skate now”，应为了避免重复，依据省略句的原则，只剩下动词不定式的标志to，故选A。5. C 双方就价格达成一致意见，应为agree on sth.。6. B 根据结构应为rob sb. of sth.。7. A style意为“风格，方式（= a particular way of doing sth.）”；method意为“方法，办法”，其侧重的是“通过探索找到的行之有效的办法（= a planned way of doing sth.）”。8. B make a search for为固定搭配，意为“搜寻（= search for）”。9. C 根据句意应为“调查，研究”，故选look into；而look for意为“寻找”，look out意为“当心”，look through意为“浏览”，都和上下文不符。10. B add to意为“增加（= increase）”；add up to意为“总计为（= amount to）”。Unit 21. B “金牌”应用gold medal表示。①gold作定语表示材质，golden表示颜色。②honour此处作“荣誉”讲，是不可数名词。2. D “every + 数词 + 时间名词”意为“每(隔)······”。3. C ①rank作动词讲，意为“具有······等级(地位)”，在句中表结果，其逻辑主语是句子的主语the Chinese team，故应用ranking。②compete是动词，意为“竞争，争夺”。“竞争的国家”可译为：the countries which were competing，故应用competing作定语。4. B it is considered to be + adj. 被认为如何。to be可省，adj. 作宾补。5. B things作主语，应用被动态be done，又因时间状语为now，所以要用被动语态的现在进行时。 6. C talk作主语，应用被动语态；时间状语为next week，属于将来的时间，所以用被动语态的将来时。7. B 时间状语in a year的意思是“在即将到来的一年之内”，句子意思为“你认为这座桥能在接下来的一年中修好吗？”所以要用被动语态的将来时。 8. B 词组take care of sth.，改写成被动语态后介词of不能省去。9. B 被动语态的现在进行时要对be动词进行变化，应为be being done。10. B if引导的条件状语从句，从句用一般现在时表将来，主句需用将来时。Unit 31. A 本题考查动词的时态和语态。题干时态为一般现在时，那么答句应为过去发生的事对现在的影响，且“coffee”与“finish”为被动关系，因此答句应使用现在完成时被动语态，即正确答案为A选项。2. C 本题考查动词的时态和语态的运用能力。分析题意，“I”应为被告知的对象，且“过去某个时间被告知运动会将推迟”这个消息对现在有影响，因此本题正确选项是C选项。3. C 本题考查非谓语动词。定语从句中主语补语的动作是过去已发生的事情，动作“break”发生在动作“report”之前，补足语应使用不定式完成结构，本题正确选项为C。4. C 本题考查词语的辨义。①containing含有。②consisting of由······组成。③including包括。④holding容纳。根据题意：我看过所有他的**，包括最新的一部，所以C项为正确答案。5. D 本题考查动词短语的辨义。①keep up保持。②take up拿起；占用。③catch up赶上。④make up弥补。根据题意：司机开始加速是为了弥补在交通拥堵中所失去的时间。符合语境的短语为make up，所以正确选项为D。6. A 本题考查词语的辨义。①in other words换句话说。②after all毕竟。③what’s more况且。④more or less或多或少。根据题意：就象我的一些同学一样，我不能实现老师们的期望，换句话说，我让他们失望了。所以正确选项为A。7. C 本题考查动词短语的辨义。①make out认出；写出。②make up弥补。③make use of使用。④make from由······制成。根据题意：科学家们正努力发现这种材料可以用来干什么。因此C选项符合题意。8. D 本题考查动词的辨义。①present呈现。②watch观看。③consider认为。④analyze分析。根据题意，选项D的词意“分析”符合语境，因此本题的正确答案为D。9. D 本题考查动词的辨义。①apply 申请，应用。②engage 雇佣。③adapt 适应。④devote 奉献。根据题意，“devote”的词意符合语境，且与介词“to”搭配，因此本题正确选项是D。10. C 本题考查动词短语的辨义。①try out考验；试验。②give out分发。③work out解决；算出。④let out放出；放宽。根据题意：购物后，她仔细地计算出她花了多少钱。很显然“work out”词义符合语境，所以本题正确答案为C。Unit 41. C 根据题意：我的车正在修理，用现在进行时的被动语态。2. C 由句式结构可知a title是the “Chinese Green Figure” award的同位语，所以a title … to ordinary people … 是一个词组而不是一个句子，give与title又构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词 given，相当于which was given。3. B danger作可数名词，意为“危险之物（事）”；health为抽象名词，前面不加冠词。4. A 过去分词短语作定语，表示“被讨论的事情”。5. C ①in any case在任何情况下。②after all毕竟。③as a result因此，结果。④in this way这样的话。6. C burst into laughter (tears) 突然笑（哭）起来。7. A ①contain可用于表示包含所包含之物的全部或部分。②include只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分。③hold可容纳；拿着。④keep持有，保有；储存。8. A ①affect动词，表示“影响”。②effect名词，意为“影响”。如：have an effect on；作动词时，意为“引起，产生”。③suggest作“建议，暗示，表明”讲。④动词relate指“与······相关”。9. B ①endanger动词，“使······陷入危险”。②in danger of处在······的危险中。③dangerous 形容词，意为“危险的”。④danger名词，意为“危险”。10. D ①beat打，敲，连击；击败，胜过。②hit打，敲，击。③bet赌，打赌。④bite (bit, bitten, biting)咬，咬伤。Unit 51. D **院下个礼拜要完成，所以现在是“正在被修建”，应该选现在进行时态的被动：be being done。注意被动语态的结构：一般现在时be done，现在完成时has / have been done，将来完成时will be done。 2. B 发生是take place，该短语无被动语态。工厂是“被建立”，所以选择完成时被动：have been set up。3. B 这是个倒装句。正常语序是“Two large portraits hang on the wall”。陈述句的结构是“主语＋谓语”，完全倒装句的结构是“谓语＋主语”。注意该句介词短语放句首，句子要构成完全倒装。例如：A temple stands on top of the mountain. On top of the mountain stands a temple. 不能选hanged是因为hang表示“悬挂”的意思时，过去式应为hung，而非hanged。4. C “某人被认为做了某事”用be considered to do。很明显，“电脑已经发明”，所以用to have invented。试比较：He is said to go abroad next year.（据说他明年将要出国。）和He is said to have gone abroad.（据说他已经出国了。）5. B 句子的主语地球是“被看”，所以第一空用过去分词seen；with + n. + doing表示主动，水覆盖70% 的表面，用covering。注意with结构的构成： ①with + 宾语 + 形容词He often sleeps with the windows open. 他常开着窗睡觉。②with + 宾语 + 副词He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。③with + 宾语 + 名词He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世时，女儿还是个小学生。④with + 宾语 + 介词短语She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含着眼泪说了声再见。⑤with + 宾语 + 现在分词（短语）He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。⑥with + 宾语 + 过去分词（短语）All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。⑦with + 宾语 + 不定式（短语）With so many people to help us, we are sure to finish it in time. 有这么多人帮忙，我们一定能按时完成。6. A 此题考察介词加关系代词在定语从句中的运用。在该定语从句中，先行词是“nine months”，“the sailing time of nine months was 226 days”是其中一段，这段航行时间是226天中的九个月。7. A shape 的意思为“塑造，影响，形成某种看法、信仰”。如：People’s political beliefs are often shaped by what they read in the newspaper.（人们的政治信仰常常是在他们说读报纸内容的影响下形成的。）8. B attach importance / significance to的意思是“认为某些事物很重要”。如：People attach too much importance to economic forecasts.（人们把经济预测看得过于重要。）9. A break away from 的意思是“摆脱坏习惯或者某人的控制”，free from的意思是“不受约束”。要注意相关短语的含义：①break up破裂。如：If a parent dies, the family may break up. （如果父母中有一人去世，这个家庭就会破裂。）②break off打断。如：Fay told her story, breaking off now and then to wipe the tears form her eyes.（费伊讲述自己的故事，不时停下来擦去眼里的泪水。）10. D ①be sensitive to对某些事物感到敏感。②sensible的意思是“明智的，理智的”。如：Surely it would be sensible to get a second opinion.（多听取一种意见肯定是明智的。）

高考英语语法:高中英语语法-“倒装”考点透析

倒装句

1.全部倒装

全部倒装是指整个谓语放到主语的前面，即谓语在前，主语

在后。有下列几种：

(1)there be (lie, stand, live...)句型。there be是谓语，其后的名词

是主语。

There are different forms of energy.

On the top of the mountain there stands an old temple.

Once upon a time, there lived a poor fisherman.

(2)在以here, there, out, in, up, down, away，now，then等开头的

句子中。

There goes the bell.

Here comes the bus.

Out rushed the boy.

Away went the children.

The door opened and there entered a middle-aged man.

注意主语是人称代词时不倒装。例如：

Here it is.给你。

Away he went.他走了。

(3)直接引语在句首。

“What does it mean?” asked the boy.

(4)为了使句子保持平衡，有时需要倒装。

Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.

On the winding path were to be found footprints of some

strange animals.

2.部分倒装

即将谓语的一部分提到主语之前。相当于变为一般疑问句中的

谓语。是倒装句的重点,也是高考考查的热点之一。

部分倒装主要有以下几种情况：

(1)Only +状语在句首：

Only then did I realize that I was wrong.

Only when the war was over in1918 was he able to get happily

back to work.

注意如果only后没有状语，即使在句首也不倒装。例如：

Only a doctor can do it.

(2)否定副词在句首。这类副词主要有：hardly, seldom, little, not,

nor, neither, not only...but also, no sooner...than,

hardly...when，in no time等。

Little does he care about what others think.

Not a single mistake did he make.

Never shall I forget it.

Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started.

No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.

Not until he came back did I leave.

At no time should you leave your post.

(3)由so引起的表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或东西)或由

neither/nor引起的表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一人(或东

西)的句型：

She is a teacher. So is her brother.

You can drive. So can I.

She can’t do the work. Neither/Nor can I.

注意：如果是重复相同的意思，不倒装。例如：

—It was cold yesterday.

—So it was.

(4)so...that 句型，如果so在句首。

So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could

hear him.

So shallow was the water that there were no fish in the lake.

(5)省略了if的虚拟条件句。

Had I been informed earlier, I could have done something.

Should anyone call, tell him to wait for me here.

Were I not engaged in my present work, I would be quite willing

to do what you ask me to.

3.只把表语、宾语、状语提到句首。这类倒装既不是全部倒装，

又不同于部分倒装，只把表语、宾语、状语提到句首，谓语动、

词并不倒装。

(1)as引导让步状语从句：

Young as he is, he is very brave.

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

(2)however与no matter how引导的让步状语从句：

However great the difficulty may be, we won’t lose heart.

(3)感叹句：

What a warm welcome they received!

How fast he ran!

(4)the more...the more句型：

The farther away a thing is, the smaller it looks.

省略句

1.省略主语：

(I) Haven’t seen you for ages.

(It) Doesn’t matter.

(It) Looks like rain.

2.省略谓语或谓语的一部分：

(Is there) Anything you want?

(Is) Anything the matter?

(Does) Anybody need help?

(Are) You hungry?

3.省略宾语：

—Which of them is the better choice?

—Well, it’s hard to tell (it).

—Where is George?

—I don’t know (where he is).

4.省略主语和谓语：

What a pity (it is) you can’t go to the lecture.

(I’m) Sorry！

(I’m) Afraid I can’t come.

—Did you like the film?

—Oh, very much.

5.省略不定式：

He didn’t come, though we had invited him to (come).

6.简单句中的省略,对话中最普遍。

—Will you join us?

—I should love to.

—Are you tired?

—Not very.

—What made Tom unhappy？

—Losing the match.

—I went to an exhibition this morning.

—With whom?

Hope to hear from you soon.

Anybody against it?

7.复合句中的省略：

—Did you know anything about it?

—Not until you told me.

—Shall I make a copy of it?

—Yes, if time permits.

—Is he coming back tonight?

—I guess so.

—She may not be free today.

—If so, we’ll have to put the meeting off.

8.在状语从句中也有省略现象：

When (it is) completed, the power station will supply enough

electricity.

If (it is) necessary, I’ll go there myself.

She told the children not to talk while (they were) eating.

Anyone, no matter who (he is), may point out our shortcomings.

9.并列句中的省略：后面分句与前句相同的部分，可省略。

I work in a factory and my brother (works) on a farm.

My room is on the second floor and his, on the third.

He majors in English and I in French.

高考文言文特殊用法真题

《高中英语语法-“倒装”考点透析》由liuxue86.com我整理。本内容整理时间为05月12日，如有任何问题请联系我们。

?倒装?考点透析

倒装有两种情况：部分倒装（主语和助动词倒置）和全部倒装（主语和谓语完全倒置）。之所以使用倒装，一是为了句子的需要；二是为了语法结构的需要。?

一、为了句子意义的需要。

也就是为了强调句子的某一内容，并使上下文衔接紧密；或为了保持句子平衡。常见有下列情况：?

1.句子谓语是go，come，run等表示位置的动词和be动词，句中又有表示方位的副词（如the re，here，up，down，out，in，away等），为了强调该副词，可将其放于句首，而将谓语动词全部置于主语之前。如：?

Here comes the train to Beijing. 去北京的火车来了。?

There goes the bell. 铃响了。?

Down came the rain. 下雨了。?

但主语是人称代词时，主语仍置于动词之前。如：?

Away he comes. 他来了。?

Here it comes. 它来了。?

2.为了强调句中的状语或表语，为了保持句子平衡或上下文衔接紧密，可将状语或表语置于句首，句中主语和谓语完全倒装。如：?

At the front of the hall sat the headmaster.?

校长坐在大厅的前部。?

In this paragraph can be found an answer.?

在这段里能找到答案。?

3.为了强调only及其所修饰的状语（通常是副词、介词短语或从句），则将它们移到句首，句中的主谓作部分倒装。如：?

Only then did we realize that the man was blind.?

直到那时我们才发现那个人是盲人。?

Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.

直到1918年战争结束后，他才得以愉快地重返工作岗位。?

4.将含有否定意义的副词（never，seldom，not，little，hardly等）置于句首以示强调时，句中的主谓作部分倒装。如：?

Seldom in my life have I met so determined a person.

一生中我很少见到如此果断的人。?

5.为了强调?not a+名词?或?not a single+名词?结构，将其置于句首时，句中的主谓作部分倒装。如：?

Not a word did he say at the last meeting.?

在上次会议上他一句话都没说。

6. Hardly?when，no sooner?than，not only?but also引导两个分句时，将前一个分句中的主谓作部分倒装，后一个分句中的主谓语序不变。

如：?

Hardly had he began to speak when his father stopped him.

他刚开口发言就被父亲制止了。?

No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain.?

我刚刚离开家就下雨了。?

但neither/not?nor引导两个分句时，这两个分句中的主谓均要倒装。如：?

Neither do I know her address，nor does he.?

我不知道她的地址，他也不知道。?

Not could the patient eat，nor could he drink.?

那个病人既不能吃，也不能喝。?

7.在?so+形容词?that分句?结构中，如将?so+形容词?置于句首以示强调时，其后的系动词be则要移到主语前面，形成主谓的完全倒装。如：?

So moved was she that she could not say a word.?

她激动得一句话也说不出来。?

在?so+副词?that分句?结构中，如将?so+副词?置于句首以示强调时，其后的主谓作部分倒装。如：?

So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.

他的声音那么大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。?

So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

光速如此之快，我们很难想象。?

二、由于语法结构的需要使用倒装。常见于下列句型：?

1.?So+助动词+主语?是一种常用于对前面所说的情况作简短回答的句型。如：?

I was late and so was she.?

我迟到了，她也迟到了。?

They loveshavingslots of friends，so do those with disabilities.

他们喜欢广交朋友，残疾人也一样。?

2.?Neither/Nor+助动词+主语?是用于对前面所说的否定内容表示同样看法的句型。如：?

She won?t go. Neither/Nor will I.?

她不走，我也不。?

I cannot swim. Neither can he （swim）。?

我不会游泳，他也不会。?

3.当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had，were或should等时，如将if省略，则要将had，wer e或should等移到主语前，作部分或完全倒装。?

Had you come yesterday，you would have seen him.

若你昨天来，你就会见到他了。?

4.表示存在的句型?There be+主语?也属于倒装句之列。如：?

There are three chairs，a desk and a computer in the room.

搜狐教育社区 《高中英语语法-“倒装”考点透析》由liuxue86.com我整理

1. 高考文言文十八个虚词及其用法

一、之1、代词：代人，代事，代物例：欲报之于陛下也 悉以咨之 先帝称之曰能 肉食者谋之 公与之乘 名之者谁 天下顺之 固以怪之矣 始指异之 故为之文以志 名之者谁 环而攻之而不胜 天下顺之 属予作文以记之 愿陛下亲之信之2、助词：（1）相当于现代汉语的“的”（这一类最多）：如，宫中之事 以伤先帝之明 穷山之高而止 然后知是山之特立 其高下之势 山间之四时也 山水之乐 宴酣之乐 而不知人之乐 三里之城 固国不以山溪之险 览物之情 予尝求古仁人之心 此则岳阳楼之大观也 前人之述备矣 （2）用在主谓词组之间，取消句子的独立性：如，镜之新开 冷光之乍出于 人之学也不知日之入 （3）补充音节（这一类很少）：如，公将鼓之 怅恨久之3、动词（这一类初中课本中极少）如：辍耕之垄上 又间令吴广之次所旁4、语法作用（这一类涉及到文言语法，初中生不要求掌握）：如， 何陋之有 居庙堂之高则忧其民 宋何罪之有二、其1、代词（这一类较多）：代人 代物 代事 也可表远指相当于“那” 如，以彰其咎 百姓多闻其贤 苦其心志 刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上 其乡人曰望其旗靡 故其文疏荡 今观其文章 听其议论之宏辩 日与其徒上高山 2、表语气（这一类较少）如，其真不知马耶 其真不知马也三、以1、作介词，可解释为：用、靠、凭、凭借、因为、拿、把等等例，醒能述以文者（用） 以天下之所顺（凭、凭借） 不以物喜（因为） 悉以咨之（拿） 必以分人（把） 气可以养而致（凭、凭借） 太尉以才略冠天下（凭） 咨臣以当世之事（拿） 先帝不以臣卑鄙（因为） 虽不能察，必以情（根据） 2、连词（1）表目的：译为 来 用来例、属予作文以记之 杀之以应陈涉 以光先帝遗德 以昭陛下平明之理 以彰其咎 以告先帝之灵 故为之文以志 以激怒其众 以知天地之广大 将以攻宋 （2）表结果：译为 以致例、以伤先帝之明 以塞忠谏之路也（此类较少）3、其它（1）以为：译为 认为 例，或以为死 （2）所以：a、用来之意，例，此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也 所以动心忍性b、……的原因，例，此先汉所以兴隆也（3）相当于“而”：如，醉则更相枕以卧 （4）通假字：如，固以怪之矣（通“已”）（初中课本中只此一个）四、乎1、语气词（一般用在句未）：例，死国可乎？ 王侯将相宁有种乎？ 是亦不可以已乎！2、介词（一般用在句中）： 例，在乎山水之间也 颓然乎其间者 然后知天下文章聚乎此也3、作词尾（一般用在形容词后）：例，悠悠乎与灏气俱 洋洋乎与造物者游（相当于“……的样子”）五、虽1、即使之意。

例，虽有千里之能 虽不能察 虽多何为 虽杀臣，不能绝也2、虽然之意。例，百氏之书，虽无所不读 风力虽尚劲 虽然，公输盘为我为云梯六、然1、代词：这样的意思。

例，吴广以为然 然，胡不已乎 虽然，公输盘为我为云梯2、作词尾：表……的样子。例，颓然乎其间者 望之蔚然而深秀者 我善养吾浩然之气 满目萧然3、连词：表转折。

例，然侍卫之臣不懈于内 然文不可以学而能七、或1、有的人：如，今或闻无罪 或以为死 或以为亡 2、有时候：如，一食或尽粟一石 或王命急宣3、或许：如，或异二者之为八、为1、介词（相当于“被”“替”）：如，士卒多为用者 山峦为睛雪所洗 为我吊望诸君之墓 2、动词：如，为坛而盟（筑） 酿泉为酒（酿造）。

高中文言文特殊句式专题第一课时一、判断句用“者……也”表判断“陈胜者，阳城人也。”

（陈胜是阳城人）“方柯者，语文小栈之站长也。”（方柯是语文小栈网站的站长）“廉颇者，赵之良将也。”

（廉颇是赵国的良将）句末用“也”表判断 “城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。”（城北徐公是齐国的美丽的人）“方柯，天才也。”

（方柯是天才）用“者”表判断 “方柯者，中国之人。”（方柯，是中国人）用“为”表判断 “为天下理财，不为征利。”

（……不能说是设法生财）用“乃”表判断 “是乃狼也。”（这是狼） “电脑乃高科技用具。”

（电脑是高科技用具）文言文判断句最显著的特点就是基本上不用判断词"是"来表示，而往往让名词或名词性短语直接充当谓语，对主语进行判断，其句式有如下几种表示法：“。

者，。

也。”这是文言判断句最常见的形式。

主语后用“者”，表示提顿，有舒缓语气的作用，谓语后用“也”结句，对主语加以肯定的判断或解说。如：“陈涉者，阳城人也。”

（《史记.了涉世家》）“。

也。”判断句中，有时“者”和“也”不一定同时出现，一般省略"者"，只用“也”表判断。

如：“操虽托名汉相，其实汉贼也。”（《资治通鉴》）“。

者，。

”

有的判断句，只在主语后用“者”表示提顿，这种情况不常见。如：“四人者，庐陵萧君圭君玉，长乐王回深父，余弟安国平父，安上纯父。”

（王安石《游褒禅山记》）“。

者也。”在句末连用语气词“者也”，表示加强肯定语气，这时的“者”不表示提顿，只起称代作用。

这种判断句，在文言文中也比较常见。如：“城北徐公，齐国之美丽者也。”

（《战国策.齐策》）无标志判断句。文言文中的判断句有的没有任何标志，直接由名词对名词作出判断。

如：“刘备天下枭雄。”（《赤壁之战》）另外，在文言文中有时为了加强判断的语气，往往在动词谓语前加副词“乃、必、亦、即、诚、皆、则”等。

需要注意的是，判断句中谓语前出现的“是”一般都不是判断词，而是指示代词，作判断句的主语，而有些判断句中的“是”也并非都不表示判断，“是”在先秦古汉语中少作判断词，在汉以后作判断词则多起来。还有，肯定判断谓语前加的副词和否定判断谓语前加的否定副词“非”，都不是判断词。

判断句是对事物的性质、情况、事物之间的关系做出肯定或否定判断的句子。文言中常用以下几种形式表示判断。

1.用“者”或“也”表判断。这是典型的文言判断形式。

有用“……者，…也”的，其中“者”表停顿，“也”表判断；有单用“者”或“也”的；也有“者也”在句尾连用的。例如：陈胜者，阳城人也。

（司马迁《陈涉世家》）师者，所以传道受业解惑也。（韩愈《师说》）四人者，庐陵萧君圭君玉，长乐王回深父，……（王安石《游褒禅山记》）项脊轩，旧南阁子也。

（归有光《项脊轩志》）夫战，勇气也。（《左传·曹判论战》）莲，花之君子者也。

（周敦颐《爱莲说》）2.用副词“乃”“则”“即”“皆”“耳”等表判断。这种形式也较为多见。

例如：当立者乃公子扶苏。（司马迁《陈涉世家》）此则岳阳楼之大观也。

（范仲淹《岳阳楼记》）即今之偶然在墓者也。（张溥《五人墓碑记》）夫六国与秦皆诸侯。

（苏洵《六国论》）3.用动词“为”“是”表判断。其中“是”表判断，要注意和用作代词的“是”的区别。

例如：故今之墓中全乎为五人也。（张溥《五人墓碑记》）如今人方为刀俎，我为鱼肉，何辞为？ （司马迁《鸿门宴》）问今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。

（陶渊明《桃花源记》）巨是凡人，偏在远郡，行将为人所并。（司马光《赤壁之战》）石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也。

（代词，这样） （苏轼《石钟山记》）同行十二年，不知木兰是女郎。（《木兰诗》）4.用否定副词“非”等表示否定的判断。

例如：六国破灭，非兵不利，战不善，弊在赂秦（苏洵《六国论》）城非不高也，池非不深也，兵革非不坚利也……（《孟子·得道多助，失道寡助》5.直接表示判断。既不用判断词，也不用语气词，通过语意直接表示判断。

例如：刘备天下条雄。（司马光《赤壁之战》）刘豫州王室之胃。

（同上）第二课时二、被动句所谓被动，是指主语与位于之间的关系是被动关系，也就是说，主语是位于动词所表示的行为的被动者、受害者，而不是主动者、实施者。用“为”表被动 “身死人手，为天下笑者。”

（……被天下人嘲笑）用“被”表被动 “忠而被谤，能无怨乎？”（忠心却被别人诽谤，能不怨恨吗？）用“见”表被动 “……徒见欺”（……白白地被欺骗）用“于”表被动 “受制于人”（被人控制） “不能容于远近。”（不能被邻里所容）被动句总结 文言文中，被动句的主语是谓语动词所表示的行为被动者，受事者，而不是主动者，施事者。

在古汉语中，在古汉语中，被动句主要有两大类型：一是在标志的被动句，即借助一些被动词来表示，二是无标志的被动句，又叫意念被动句。1、有标志的被动句，大体有以下几种形式：动词后用介词“于”表被动，“于”起介绍引进动作行为的主动者的作用。

如：“故内惑于郑袖，外欺于张仪。

首先要把每个实虚词的解释了解透彻，这是基本，就好比看一篇文章一样，如果这篇文章有很多字你不认识，那么你肯定一知半解或者看不懂。

我想到现在我们同学已经有80%的实虚词已经了解，剩下的时间看一下并用笔标记一下你不会的那些实虚词并把它背诵下来。接下来我们讲解文言文阅读方法及做题技巧。

一、首先要掌握正确的文言文阅读方法。 众所周知，由于考试受时间和空间的限制，它具有不准借助任何工具书，只能独立解题的特殊性，因此不少学生心理上比较紧张，拿到文言文材料，常常是读完一遍就去选择答案。

其实这种作法是很不正确的，作为文言应试的阅读应分三步进行： 第一步：初读全文 指的是集中心思稳住神，浏览或跳读一遍。最近几年高考都有一篇考人物传记的，看这样的文章要知道记载几个人，有的人物关系简明，有的人物关系复杂。

一般有主人公，主人公有正反好坏之分，在人物身上，表现一种特殊的品格和性格。这要求考生解读人物关系，体味出人物的特有的品格和性格。

作者写人物传记 ，或出于某种政治需要，或出于个人目的，通过人物传记，表现作者的观点和态度，要求考生能分析传记的基本内容，概括作者的观点态度。内容上：材料所涉及的人与事或相夫教子、事亲至孝，弘扬民族传统美德；或古代贤臣良吏，勤政爱民、廉洁奉公、刚直抗上、执法如山等既符合于传统的道德规范，又不失现实教育意义。

第一遍能懂六七成即可。往届有些考生在读文言语段时，对自己要求太高，第一遍没读懂就心急火燎，在个别语句上纠缠，非要字字句句弄个水落石出不可，结果反而难以明其大意。

应该说，学生当中这种情况存在还是非常普遍的，其实你应该明白，高考作为选拔性的考试，它所选的文言语段一定不会容易到一看即懂的地步，第一遍看不大懂是很正常的。所以大可不必因此而紧张。

第二步：细读题目 在这一步骤当中，须一一落实要求答题的字、词、句、段在材料中的对应位置，一般来说，运用所学的知识，较易题可以在这一步基本完成。（充分利用所给选项，运用比较法、排除法根据是非准偏，选出正确项）同时这一步中特别要强调的是利用好几道题目，如实词解释，句子翻译，分析概括题等，因为在它们身上，你可以获得大量文段理解的信息。

尤其是选择题（下列说法符合文意的一项或者下列说法不符合文意的一项是），此题信息量非常大，虽然其中肯定有一项或几项不符题意，但错误的也往往只是些小问题。因此通过看最后一题，你对文意的把握必将会在第一步的基础上有个很大的提高。

第三步：重读全文 这一步是从更高的层次上认知全文。大致相当于精读研读的水平；既加深了对文意的理解，又能对前两步出现的偏误作纠正，因此是一个深入兼复核的过程 。

通过这一步阅读之后解答一些综合性比较强的题目也就驾轻就熟了。 应该说文言应试的三步阅读法是经过许多学子高考实战检验而总结出来的一条科学有效的应试方法，复习当中学生须加以掌握和运用。

这样可以少走很多弯路。二文言文阅读做题技巧1要善于借助。

例如，善于借助字形分析和邻里相推，来正确判定实词词义，观照语言环境掌握虚词用法。这一阶段要有排除干扰的意识，例如古今异义的干扰，防止望文生义，以今释古。

2代入法----知识迁移。高考文言段不会脱离课本知识另起炉灶，所以要善于知识迁移，联系已有知识尤其是常用词的常用义项和常见虚词的一般用法来推出新知。

3排除法----信息筛选题 根据陈述对象可以排除干扰项，确定答案范围 4 析结构推断它在文章中的结构来推断它的词性，进而推断它的词义。翻译文言句子可从下列几方面着手。

1、结合语境，把握句意。要翻译好一个句子，必须对整篇文章有一总体把握。

将你要翻译的那个句子放在整个语段中进行揣摩，这样才能基本把握所翻句子的大概意思。有些同学在初读文言段时，对自己要求太高，第一遍没有读懂就心急火燎，在个别词语上纠缠，结果反而难以明其意。

所以要保持良好的心态，调动各种手段，善于前后推导，整体把握语意。2、落实句式特点。

常见的文言句式有判断句，被动句，省略句，倒装句（包括宾语前置句，定语后置句，介词结构后置句等）。每种句式都有其特定的标志，我们要识记一些典型例句并加以归纳整理。

在翻译句子之时，先判断句式，然后在翻译时要翻出这种句式的特点来。如省略句就必须补出它所省略的成份，当然补充部分须加小括号；倒装句就必须按正常的语序来翻译；原句是疑问句，所译出的句子也应加上问号。

文言文中还有一种极其特殊的现象：文言文固定格式。这也是一个重要的考点。

固定格式也叫固定结构，它的语法特点就是由一些不同词性的词凝固在一起，固定成为一种句法结构，表达一种新的语法意义，世代沿用，约定俗成，经久不变。一旦你没有准确判断出固定结构，那么你的翻译就会差之千里。

详细类型见上所举。3、落实重点虚词和实词。

要掌握实词的一词多义、古今异义、通假字、词类活用等。如“沛公军灞上”一句就考了词类活用的知识点，如果“军”字翻译错了，那就要失分了。

所以在考试时应特别注意这些。

答案：1.之 ⑴他、她、它（们）.⑵的.⑶往，到.去.⑷这，此.⑸作宾语前置的标志.⑹我.⑺调整音节，无实义.⑻用在主谓结构中，表示了消句子独立性.⑼作定语后置的标志.于 “于”是介词，总是跟名词、代词或短语结合，构成介宾短语去修饰动词、形容词，表示多种组合关系.1、引进动作的时间、处所、范围、对象、方面、原因等，视情况可译为“在”“在……方面”“在……中”“向”“到”“自”“从”“跟”“同”“对”“对于”“给”“由于”等.例如：苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯.（《出师表》在……中） 请奉命求救于孙将军.（《赤壁之战》向） 于其身也，则耻师焉……（《师说》对、对于） 2、放在形容词之后，表示比较，一般可译为“比”，有时可译为“胜过”.例如：冰，水为之，而寒于水.（《劝学》） 有时则只是表示对象的性质和状态，可不译.3、放在动词之后，引进行为的主动者，可译为“被”，有时动词前还有“见”“受”等字和它相应.例如：吾不能举全吴之地……受制于人……（《赤壁之战》） 4、复音虚词“于是”，用法与现代汉语的“于是”不完全相同.①放在句子开头，表前后句的承接或因果关系，与现在的承接连词或因果连词相同.现代汉语也这样用.②放在谓语之前或谓语之后，“于是”属介宾短语作状语或补语.可根据“于”的不同用法，分别相当于“在这”“从这”等.吾祖死于是，吾父死于是.（“在这职业上”《捕蛇者说》） 3者 助词，主要有两种用法.一种是附在别的词或短语之后，组成名词性短语.如：将藏之于家，使来者读之，悲予志焉.（《〈指南录〉后序》） 用叶者取叶初长足时，用芽者自从本说，用花者取花初敷时，用实者成实时采.（《采草药》） “者”的另一种用法是放在一个词或一组词后边，起提顿作用：先用“……者 ”提出要说明的事物，稍微停顿一下，然后说明或论断.如：大阉之乱，缙绅而能不易其志者，四海之大，有几人欤？（《五人墓碑记》） 古之让天之者，是去监门之养而离臣虏之劳也.（《五蠹》） “者”有时放在时间词之后，起语助作用，可不译.如：今者项庄拔剑舞，其意常在沛公也.（《鸿门宴》） “者”有时放在数词后边，可译为“个”“样”之类.如：此数者用兵之患也，而操皆冒行之.（《赤壁之战》）。