英语高考动词介词搭配,英语高考动词

1.求有助于英语作文的动词

2.高考需要掌握的不及物动词有哪些（英语）

3.英语高考必须掌握的所有系动词，谢谢，是所有的

4.高考英语非谓语动词巧记巧用

5.高考英语词汇中表示状态的动词一般不用进行时的词有哪些

6.请列举下高考常考的英语不及物动词和用法

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非谓语动词1

动词不定式、分词(现在分词,过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用,因而没有语法主语。但可以有逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语,也就不受人称和数的限定,因为不是谓语,也就没有时态和语态,但这些词仍能表示动作和状态,所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关系,因此也有表示主、被动的形式,同时也有自己的宾语和状语,一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语,分词短语,动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样,应用广泛,且在句中起着很活跃的作用,也是语法项目中的重点和难点,学好非谓语动词,才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。

动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用,所以叫做非谓语动词。

(一)动词不定式:

动词不定式由"to+ 动词原形"构成,如:to study, to play,动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用,但仍留着动词的特征,它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语,如:to study hard, to play table tennis。

1、动词不定式的形式变化:动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。

语态式 一般式 完成式 进行式 完成进行式

主 动 to build to have built to be building to have been building

被 动 to be build to have been build

2、动词不定式的基本用法:动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用,可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用,如:

(1)作主语:To help each other is good.(动词不定式作主语时,一般可用it作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.

(2)作表语:My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语,与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的谓语动词为is,动词不定式to set up? 为表语,主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语,即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。(句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语,主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语,即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的)。

(3)作宾语:①作及物动词的宾语,如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容词的宾语:可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语,但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时,就可作介词的宾语,如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

(4)作宾语补足语,如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.

(5)动词不定式在句中作宾语,如带有宾语补足语时,须先用it作形式宾语,而将该动词不定式后置,如:I don't think it right to do it that way.

(6)作定语:动词不定式作定语时,须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词,不定式后面就要用必要的介词,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词,习惯上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.

(7)作状语:动词不定式可以作下列的状语:①目的状语: Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或为了),但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可强调目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②结果状语:They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。③too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式,表示"足能?"的结果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now.

3、复合结构不定式:由for + 名词(或代词宾格)+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语,这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时,就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语,这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day.

4、疑问词 + 动词不定式:疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、表语或宾语,如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

5、动词不定式的否定式:动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成,如:It's wrong of you not to attend the meeting.

6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系:(1)一般式:动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同时);(2)完成式:动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)进行式:动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中,而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.

7、动词不定式的被动语态用法:如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般就用被动语态形式,如:What is to be done next hasn't been decided yet.

练习、非谓语动词(一)

1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.

A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how

2. Paul said, "Give me a chair _____."

A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on

3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.

A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice

4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .

A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving

5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.

A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help

6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.

A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be

7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.

A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place

C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place

8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.

A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting

9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.

A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils

10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?

A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat

1~5 DDACC 6~10 BCCAD 《高中英语语法-非谓语动词1》由出国留学我精心为您学习英语准备.liuxue86.com

求有助于英语作文的动词

三、完成时态

完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为：

1． 现在完成时

（1）现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的，刚刚完成的动作（常与yet，already，just连用），或者过去某一时刻发生的，持续到现在的情况（常与for，since连用）。例如：

1）I have just finished my homework.

2）Mary has been ill for three days.

（2）常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有：since, for, during, over等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如：

1）I haven’t been there for five years.

2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.

3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978.

（3）完成时态可用在下列结构中：

This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：

（1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.

（2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.

2． 过去完成时

（1）表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by，before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如：

1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.

2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.

（2）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：

I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.

另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：

1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如：

We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.

2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如：

I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.

（3）过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：

1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如：

Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.

2）no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如：

No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.

3）by (the end of ) +过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如：

The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.

3． 将来完成时

将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作；也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the time / the end of ) + 表示将来时间的短语和句子；before (the end of ) + 表示将来时间的词语或句子；when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：

1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.

2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.

3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.

4． 完成进行时

完成进行时是完成时的强调形式，有现在完成进行时，过去完成进行时，将来完成进行时。

（1）现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.

（2）过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如：

It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.

（3）将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如：

By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.

高考需要掌握的不及物动词有哪些（英语）

高考英语写作常用动词及经典句型

1．不及物动词 go come work

2．及物动词 have do make expect（want） tell teach show see hear find watch think get …

She showed him how to grasp the main idea of articles.

I taught myself English when I was at your age.

二．常用句型

1. There be( exist, live, lie , stand…) sb./ sth.

2. sb. have ( has / had ) sth.

3. sb. find / think /feel + it + n./ adj.+ (for sb. ) to do sth.

We think it our duty to work hard.

She finds it necessary to take down notes while listening.

They feel it important to have some working experience.

4. ~ the most +形容词+名词+ (that) +主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read… Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.

5、Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V

Nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。

6、~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过

We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

7、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）

There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind.

8、It is universally acknowledged that +句子~~（全世界都知道...）

It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

9、There is no doubt that +句子~~（毫无疑问的...）

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

10、An advantage of ~is that +句子（...的优点是...）

An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.

11、The reason why +句子~~~ is that +句子（...的原因是...）

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

12、So +形容词+ be +主词+ that +句子（如此...以致于...）

So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.

13、Adj / n.+ as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~（虽然...）

Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

{by no means = in no way = on no account一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

Child as she is, she pays much attention to her behavior.

14、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~

The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）

The harder you work, the more progress you make.

The more books we read, the more learned we become.

15、By +doing sth., sb. can do sth.（借着...，..能够..）

By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动我们能够始终保持健康。

16、It is said /reported / known / thought/ believed (that)

It is believed (that) reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.

17、On no account can we + V ~~~（我们绝对不能...）

On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

18、It is time + S +过去式（该是...的时候了）

It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

19、根据我个人经验?…

According to my personal experience, …= Based on my personal experience, …

According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.

20、There is no one but ~~~（没有人不...）

There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。

21、It is + n / adj + that / to do…

It is a must that everybody should know how to use computers.

It is convenient for us to be able to use computers

22、That is the reason why ~~~（那就是...的原因）

Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.

23. For the past +时间，S +现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）

For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

24、Since + S +过去式，S +现在完成式。

Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

25、It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）

It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

26、It is no use (good) doing…

It’s no good talking without thinking carefully.

27. It is necessary/ important/essential that + sb. (should) + do sth.

It is important that we (should) keep the public places clean.

28、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）

What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事！

29、not only…but also

In just three years, she had not only finished all the lessons, but also received her

Doctor’s degree.

Forests can not only fresh the air but also reduce noise.

30、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~（因为...）

Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

31、I am greatly convinced (that) = I am greatly assured (that) 我深信…

I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 我深信预防是于治疗

32、not…until

I didn’t know the truth until she told me what happened.

Yesterday I didn’t go to sleep until midnight.

三．常用短语

1. do good to（对...有益），do harm to（对...有害）

Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。

Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

2. would (not) like to do sth.

(don’t ) feel like doing sth.

had better ( not ) do sth.

would rather ( not ) do sth.

prefer to do…rather than do

Compared with women, men always prefer to sleep at home rather than spend so much time shopping.

Tom prefers to stay up late to finish the work rather than leave it done the next day.

3. ~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V（..使..能够..）

Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

4. be + forced/obliged + to + V（不得不...）

Since the examination is around the corner, I am obliged to give up doing sports.

5. spare no effort to do sth.

= do one’s utmost to + V = do one’s best（不遗余力的,尽全力去...）

We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

6. be closely related to ~~（与...息息相关）

Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

7. Have a great influence on ~~~（对...有很大的影响）

Smoking has a great influence on our health.

8. Get into the habit of + Ving= make it a rule to + V（养成...的习惯）

We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

9.as if

He talks a lot as if he knew everything. It seems as if I am the first one arriving at school.

10.Leave much to be desired（令人不满意）

The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。

11.be based on（以...为基础）

The progress of society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的

英语高考必须掌握的所有系动词，谢谢，是所有的

高考英语应该掌握的不及物动词

英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词和不及物动词。

不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了.

常用的不及物动词 appear ，Appear calm come ，Come easy (safe)

go ，Go mad (crazy, bad, sour, wrong, crazy, hungry, blind) get ，Get angry (ill, wet, excited, married, paid) fall ，Fall asleep( fall ill, fall short, fall flat) feel ，Feel good (sleepy) keep ，Keep quiet (silent) look ，Look fit (well, young, tired)

make， Make certain (sure, ready, a good teacher) prove ，Prove an effective method (correct, accurate) remain ，Remain still (unchanged) rest，Rest satisfied (content) rise， Rise red seem ，Seem happy stand ，Stand still

stay ，Stay young (stay fresh, the same) turn， Turn teacher =become a teacher (yellow) turn out ，Turn out true 用法举例

Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语) look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词，作宾语) （at是小范围 in是大范围）

如： The students work very hard.学生们很努力地学习。 She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。

The accident happened yesterday evening.昨天晚上发生了事故。 与及物动词的区别

及物动词与不及物动词的区别从是否需要宾语来分，实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。

1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如： I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。

“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?” 2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如： Birds fly.鸟会飞。

It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。 My watch stopped.我的表停了。

She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。 3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：

a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较： Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)

She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(begin作及物动词)

When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词) They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词) b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如： Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。 Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?

4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：

a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：

We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)

Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)

Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)

b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。 Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务

及物动词后可以加宾语，不及物动词后不可以加宾语

动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：

a．主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于："主+谓+宾"；"主+谓+双宾"；"主+谓+宾+宾补"结构。如：

He reached Paris the day before yesterday. Please hand me the book over there. They asked me to go fishing with them.

类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell.... b．主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用于："主+谓"结构。 This is the room where I once lived.

类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....

c．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如begin 都是作"开始"讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game.

类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....

d．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。

这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是"升高；举起"。 He lifted his glass and drank.

类似的还有：beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅 ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说（语言） hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作 需要注意的一点是：少数不及物动词唯一可跟的宾语是同源宾语，如：I dreamed a dream last night.

一些动词应用中只能用主动表示被动。

1、 Need, want, require（要求，需要）, deserve(应得，值得), be worth值得），not bear(经不住) 后面接doing主动表被动。

The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。

The old building requires repairing. 这座古建筑需要修了。

These young seedlings will require/need looking after (=need to be looked after) carefully.?这些幼苗将需要小心的照管。 Your hair wants/needs cutting (needs to be cut).?你的头发该剪了。

2、不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表被动含义。

I have much work to do. 我有许多要做的事情。（与work有动宾关系，与I有主谓关系） Tom is looking for a room to live in. Tom在找一间住的房间。（与room有动宾关系，与Tom 有主谓关系）

He has a family to support.?他要维持一个家庭。（与family有动宾关系，与he有主谓关系） 3、不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，结构：主语+系动词+形容词 + 不定式； 动词+宾语+形容词+不定式。如果形容词是表示难易、利弊等含义，如

difficult, easy, comfortable(舒适的), convenient（便利的，方便的), hard, cheap, expensive, 等，不定式用主动表被动。

The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答。 The work is easy to do. 这项工作很好做。

I found the car comfortable to ride in. 我觉得这种车很好坐。 That makes poetry difficult to write. 那就使得诗很难写。

4、在be to结构中的一些不定式:这种结构中的不定式通常应用主动表被动。下列动词用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义: Who is to blame for starting the fire?这场火灾应由谁负责?

You are to blame for the accident. 你应为这事受动责备。 The house is to let.此房出租。

A lot remains to do.还剩下许多事情要做。

5、系动词没有被动形式,但有些系动词常表示被动意义。常见的有taste(吃起来), sound (听起来), prove(证明是), feel(摸上去感到), look(看起来)，smell(闻起来)等。

6.一些与can''t(不能)或won''t(不会)连用的动词。常用的有: lock(锁住), shut(关上) , open(打开), act(上演), write(写)，cut(砍，切)，wear(穿，戴)等,用作不及物动词时，用主动表被动。

7、一些动词如sell(销售) , wash(洗), clean(打扫), burn(燃烧), cook(煮)等与副词如well(好), easily(容易地), perfectly(十分地)等连用 ,描会事物的特性，用主动表被动，结构是主语+动词+加副词。例如:The book sells well.这种书很畅销 These clothes wash easily.?这些衣服很易洗。The pen writes well. 这笔很好写。

8、主语much, a great deal, little, what等，其表语如是不定式，则用不定式的主动表被动。 What is to do? 做什么？ Much is to do. 太多要做的事。

9、在“there be”句型中作主语的定语如果现在分词时，所用的现在分词要用主动表被动意义。 There is nothing doing these days. 这些天没事干。 I see there’s a good idea planning. 我知道又在打好主意。

高考英语非谓语动词巧记巧用

系动词

系动词又称联系动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（也称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

有些系动词又是实义动词，该动词表达实义时，有词义，可单独作谓语，例如：

He fell illyesterday.

（fall是系动词，后跟补足语，说明主语情况

He fell off theladder.

（fall是实义动词，单独作谓语。）

1）状态系动词

用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：

He is a teacher.

（is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。）

2）持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：

He always keptsilent at meeting.

This matter restsa mystery.

3）表像系动词

用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：

He looks tired.

He seems (to be)very sad.

4）感官系动词

主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：

This kind of clothfeels very soft.

This flower smellsvery sweet.

5）变化系动词

表示主语变成什么样，有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come,run

He became madafter that.

She grew richwithin a short time.

6）终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：

The rumor provedfalse.

The search proveddifficult. 搜查证实很难。

His plan turnedout a success. （turn out表终止性结果）

I、常见系动词错误及其成因：

（1）漏掉系动词

I afraid he won'tcome tomorrow .

( 2 )误用系动词

His hair changedgrey .(混淆了change 与turn，grow)

I.系动词分类：

一、根据系动词后所跟结构，分为两大类：完全系动词（其后只能跟表语的动词，如be）和半系动词（其后既可跟表语作系动词用法，也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用，如look）

He looked sad atthe news.

（“看起来”，系动词用法）

He looks at aclever boy.

（“看着”，实义动词用法）

在英语中，某一动词是多义词，既有实义动词用法，又有系动词用法。常见的有：

listen， look ，touch ，hear，see ，sound ，feel， taste ，remain ，keep，stay， turn，become

二、根据系动词的意义，分为四类：

A．五大感官系动词 B．状态系动词

C．动态系动词 D．双谓语系动词

A．五大感官系动词，描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来，都是半系动词

1．look“看起来像是”，后接adj.、n.、分词、介词短语、不定式等。

The girl bit herlips and looked thoughtful.

2．smell“闻起来”，后接adj.，分词。

The flowers smellsweet.

3．sound“听起来”，后接adj.，分词。

The music soundssweet.

4．taste“尝起来”，后接adj.，分词。

The apples tastevery good.

5．feel①“摸起来，给……感觉”；②“觉得”，后接adj

The silk feelsvery soft.

You will feelbetter after a night’s sleep.

B．状态系动词：

1．be，“是”，完全系动词。

I am a student.

2．seem,“似乎，好像”，完全系动词。

They seem quitehappy.

3．appear,“显得，看起来好像”，半系动词。

He appeared tiredand sleepy.

It appeared(tobe)a true story.

Now it appears tome that he may play an important part in settling the problem. （在我看来）

4．keep, “保持……的状态”，半系动词，后接adj或介词短语。

You’d better go to bed and keep warm.

5．remain,“仍是”，半系动词。

I remained silent.

6．stay“保持（某种状态）”，半系动词，后接adj.、过去分词。

The window stayedopen all the night.

7.prove “证明是”，半系动词，后接adj.，n.

The treatmentproved to be successful.

C．动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。

1．get“变成，变得……起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。

The days aregetting longer and longer.

The train didn’t get going again.

It’s nothing to get excited about.

My watch gets outof order.

2．fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：

asleep, silent,ill, sick

The old man,unable to express himself, fell silent.

My father fell illand died.

3．grow“渐渐变得……起来，长得”

You will grow usedto it.

It’s growing warm.

4．turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。

Maple trees turnred in autumn.

It was cloudy thismorning, but fortunately it has turned fine.

He has turnedwriter.

（注意：此时writer之前无冠词a.）

5．go，“变成（某种坏的状态）”

The telephone hasgone dead.

The material hasgone a funny colour. (奇怪)

go之后常接的adj. 还有：bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry,mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey

6．become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”

He became angrywith me.

It became dark.

They became goodfriends.

I becameinterested in drawing.

7．come，“变成为（已知的状态），证实为”，后接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的变化。

His wish to becomea pilot has come true.

If you look intothe matter, everything will come clear.

My shoelaces havecome undone.

后面常接的形容词还有：apart, dear（昂贵），natural,open, untied（松开）。

8．run,“变成”，后接adj.

The well has rundry.

The price ranhigh.

9．make，“达到某种状态[后接形容词]，如sure, certain, merry, bold, free

We must makecertain of facts.

我们一定要弄清事实。

The Children makefree with the apples.

孩子们随便吃苹果。

D．双谓语系动词

此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如：

The run rose red. 太阳升起红艳艳。

She stopped andstood quite still.

The book lay openon the table.

The snow lay thickon the ground.

He marriedyoung.

The window blew open.

III．系动词用法应注意的八个问题

1．系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论

一般，状态系动词无进行时态，而动态系动词有进行时态。但在某些情况下，状态系动词也有进行时态，表示两个用途：

(1)表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如：

He is being kind.

他装出和蔼可亲的样子（一时而不能持久的性质）

(2)表示一种探询口气，使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如：

I hope you arekeeping well.

（语气委婉）

Are you feelingany better?

（语气亲切）

试比较：

Your hand feelscold.

你的手摸起来冰凉（无意识的静态性质）

不可以说：

Your hand isfeeling cold.(×)

The doctor isfeeling her pulse.

医生正在给她把脉（有意识的动态动作）

The soup tastesgood.

这汤的味道不错（静态性质，无进行时）

The cook istasting the soup.厨师在尝汤的味道。（动态动作，有进行时）

总之，系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。在概述某一动词的进行时态时，不能笼统地说feel，smell无进行时，应指出其意义及其语用环境。以smell为例

①smell作“嗅觉”的能力时，虽是实义动词，但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态，常与can, could, be able to连用。

The camels cansmell the water a mile off.

骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。

②指“嗅、闻”的动作时，实义动词，可用于进行时态。

The girl issmelling the flower.

③smell指“含有……气味”，“发出……气味”等事物性质时，半系动词，无进行时态。

The dinner smellsgood.

2．系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题

某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”。

He is growingtaller and taller.

Our life isgetting better and better.

The things aregetting worse.

3．所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论

某动词在作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态

不能说： The apple is tasted good.

（因为taste此时是系动词，“尝起来”之意，指的是苹果的性质，无被动语态）

但可以说： The apple is tasted by me.

（taste此时指“尝一尝”这一动作，有被动语态）

因此要注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法

4．瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题

某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间,by + 时间，so far”直接连用

①不能说：

He has become ateacher for 2 years.

应改为：

He has been ateacher for 2 years.

②不能说：He has turned writer since 3 years ago.

应改为：He has been a write since 3 years ago.

或It is two years since he turned writer.

③不能说：He got angry until his child came backhome.

应改为：He didn’t getangry until his child came back home.

5．系动词能接几种表语（从句）

系动词除了接adj.\n.\介词短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：

①能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look，smell，sound，feel；appear（显得），seem（似乎）

It looks as if weare going to have snow.

He looked as if hehad just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.

It seems as if it werespring already.

②可用于“It+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look

It seemed that hehad made some serious mistakes in his work.

It appeared thathe was talking to himself.

③能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.

Her job is to lookafter the children.

He looks to be ayoung girl of twenty.

④能与there连用的系动词有：be,appear, seem.

There appeared tobe only one room.

There seems(tobe)no need to go.

6．能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个：seem, appear.

It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.

= It seems that wecan’t get our money back.

He seems not to beher father.

= He doesn’t seem to be her father.

The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.

= The baby appearsnot to be awake.

7、几组易混系动词的区别

系动词的区别主要从两个方面作比较，一是其意义，二是其结构。

1）get, become, go, turn, grow“变成”

get：“变得”口语。后接形容词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式作表语，但不能与名词直接连用。

become：“变成，成为（好坏情况均可）。”后接形容词、名词、过去分词作表语，不能与不定式连用。

go：“变成（某种由好到坏的情况）”，后接形容词、过去分词、名词作表语。

Turn：“转变成”强调与原来不同的、新的变化，如变质、变色等。后接形容词、不带冠词的名词作表语，后不接不定式。

grow：“逐渐变得……”，强调其变化过程。后接形容词、分词、不定式，不可直接跟名词。

2）look, seem, appear“好像”

三者作系动词时在意义上的区别：

look：“好像，看起来”，一般用于非正式场合，侧重指从本身外表特征上由视觉得到的印象。

seem ：“似乎，好像”，指说话人内心的估计与判断，有一定依据，接近于实际情况。

appear：“显得，好像”，常用于正式文体中，指某事物或人给他人的表面印象，有时含有实质上并非如此之意。

He looks like hisfather. （指其长相看起来相像）

He seems like hisfather. （指说话人从个性方面得到的判断）

He appears likehis father.（指他的外貌、衣着给他人的印象）

3）keep, remain, stay“保持……状态”

①keep作系动词时，“保持……状态”，后接adj.或介词短语：alive,awake,cheerful,silent,dry,well,fit,fine,close,clean,happy

Have you kept wellall these years?

I hope it willkeep fine.

In order to keepfit, all students go in for sports.

We’d better keep in touch.

②remain，系动词“仍然存在……状态”，后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语，强调某种状态前后无变化。

The door remainedclosed.

门仍然关着。

Your room remainslike this.

你的房间依旧是这样子。

③stay，作系动词用时“保持……状态”，后接形容词、分词。

That fellow stayedsingle.

那个小伙子仍保持单身。

It’s easy to stay hidden.

躲起来很容易。

后常接的形容词有：calm, clean, fresh, healthy, young, open,awake, warm, fine, 常可与keep互换。如：

Stay/keepcalm(clean, fine, healthy, awake等)

①What you have said_______.

A．is soundedinteresting

B．soundsinteresting

C．soundinterested

D．listensinterested

②The class begins. Please keep________.

A．silent B．silence

C．the silence D．silently

③Look! Several people in the crowdseemed_______.

A．to be fighting B．to havefought

C．being fought D．havingfought

④How _____the song she sings sounds! I havenever ______a better voice.

A．beautifully, sounded

B．beautiful, sounded

C．sweet, listened to

D．sweet, heard

⑤Her feeling about the marriage ______ratherstrange.

A．is looked B．is seemed

C．seems D．isappeared

⑥John _____driver since two months ago.

A．became a B．has becomea

C．has turned D．has been a

⑦The ice_____ thick on the river.

A．is lain

B．lay

C．laid

D．lie

高考英语词汇中表示状态的动词一般不用进行时的词有哪些

高考英语非谓语动词巧记巧用

一、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词和短语

在下列8个动词和短语动词后接不定式和接动名词意义不同：

remember to do(记住去做) remember doing(记得做过)

forget to do(忘记去做) forget doing(忘记做过)

regret to do (遗憾地做) regret doing(后悔做了)

try to do(设法做) try doing(试做)

go on to do(接着做另一事) go on doing(继续做同一事)

mean to do(打算做) mean doing(意味着)

stop to do(停下来去做) stop doing(停止做)

can’t help to do(不能帮助做) can’t help doing(情不自禁做)

1. —You were brave enough to raise objection at the meeting.

—Well, now I regret ________ that. (全国卷)

A. to do B. to be doing

C. to have done D. having done

分析答案选D。由语境可知“我”“后悔”在会上提出异议，应接动名词。

2. —The light in the office is still on.

—Oh，I forgot ________. (全国卷)

A. turning it off B. turn it off

C. to turn it off D. having turned it off

分析答案选C。表示忘记做某事，事情还没做，forget后接不定式。

3. In some parts of London, missing a bus means ________ for another hour. (上海卷)

A. waiting B. to wait

C. wait D. to be waiting

分析答案选A。由语境可知句中的mean表示“意味着”，后接不定式。

4. She reached the top of the hill and stopped ________ on a big rock by the side of the path. (全国卷)

A. to have rested B. resting

C. to rest D. rest

分析答案选C。休息是停下来的目的，且发生在stop之后，用接不定式的一般式。

5. Go on ________ the other exercise after you have finished this one. (全国卷)

A. to do B. doing

C. with D. to be doing

分析答案选A。表示做完一事后“接着做”另一事，go on后接不定式。

二、表示未成实现的愿望或打算的动词和短语

表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，即表示“本打算 / 想 / 希望做某事”但事实上却没做的事情，用plan, intend, mean; want, hope, wish, expect等动词的过去完成时，加不定式的一般式，或者这类动词的一般过去时，加不定式的完成式；was / were, would / should like加不定式的完成式；was / were going加不定式的一般式。如：

I would love ________ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. (全国卷)

A. to go B. to have gone

C. going D. having gone

分析答案选B。由句意可知，是表示过去未曾实现的期望，用“would love+不定式完成式”。句意是：昨晚我本想去参加聚会的，但是…(from www.nmet168.com)

三、要接动名词的含有介词的常用句型

在介词后一般用动名词，下面是一些含介词的固定句式(其中有的介词有时会被省略)：prevent / stop / keep sb. / sth. from doing (阻止…做…)；spend / waste time or money in doing (在做…方面花费 / 浪费时间或金钱)；How / What about doing sth. (做…怎么样？)；have some difficulty / trouble in doing (在做…方面有些困难)；have a hard time in doing sth. (做某事很艰难); there is no sense in doing(做…是没有理由 / 道理的)；thank (excuse / admire / praise / blame / scold / punish) sb. for doing sth. (因做某事而感谢 / 羡慕 / 表扬 / 责备某人)等。如：

1. Having been ill in bed for nearly a month, he had a hard time ________ the exam. (福建卷)

A. pass B. to pass

C. passed D. passing

分析答案选D。因为have a hard time (in) doing sth. 在做某事方面有困难。

2. According to a recent U. S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week ________ TV. (上海卷)

A. to watch B. to watching

C. watching D. watch

分析答案选C。spend some time (in) doing sth. 做某事花了多长时间。

3. I believe that’s the best way to prevent such a thing ________ again. (全国卷)

A. to happen B. from happening

C. happened D. happen

分析答案选B。prevent sb. / sth. from doing 阻止…做…。

4. Did you have trouble ________ the post office? (全国卷)

A. to have found B. with finding

C. to find D. in finding

分析答案选D。have difficulty / trouble (in) doing sth. 在做方面有困难。

四、to是介词的常用固定结构

to是介词和固定词组很多，常见的有：look forward to(盼望), devote…to / be devoted to(致力于), be / get used to(习惯), lead to(导致), get down to(开始认真), pay attention to(注意), refer to(谈到), point to(指向), turn to(转向), object to(反对), equal to(等于、能胜任), belong to(属于)等。如：

1. Mr. Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ________ some schools for poor children. (上海卷)

A. set up B. setting up

C. have set up D. having set up

分析答案选B。devote…to…中to是介词，接动名词；all是devote的宾语，he had是省略了关系代词that的定语从句。

2. The discovery of new evidence led to ________. (上海卷)

A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief

C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught

分析答案选C。lead to中的to是介词，后接动名词；逻辑主语the thief与catch是被动关系，所以用动名词的被动式(from www.nmet168.com)。

3. She looks forward every spring to ________ the flower-lined garden. (上海卷)

A. visit B. paying a visit

C. walk in D. walking in

分析答案选D。look forward to中to是介词，后接动名词。再说，若visit用作名词，后面要加介词to，才可接宾语，排除A和B；walk作名词，表示散步，仅用于go for / take / have a walk等结构，排除C。

请列举下高考常考的英语不及物动词和用法

延续性动词。

以下可供参考：

一.延续性动词表示能够延续的动作

如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。

二.非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词

表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。

三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换

英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词和不及物动词。

不及物动词：字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了.

常用的不及物动词

appear ，Appear calm

come ，Come easy (safe)

go ，Go mad (crazy, bad, sour, wrong, crazy, hungry, blind)

get ，Get angry (ill, wet, excited, married, paid)

fall ，Fall asleep( fall ill, fall short, fall flat)

feel ，Feel good (sleepy)

keep ，Keep quiet (silent)

look ，Look fit (well, young, tired)

make， Make certain (sure, ready, a good teacher)

prove ，Prove an effective method (correct, accurate)

remain ，Remain still (unchanged)

rest，Rest satisfied (content)

rise， Rise red

seem ，Seem happy

stand ，Stand still

stay ，Stay young (stay fresh, the same)

turn， Turn teacher =become a teacher (yellow)

turn out ，Turn out true

用法举例

Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语)

　look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词，作宾语)　

（at是小范围 in是大范围）

　如：　The students work very hard.学生们很努力地学习。

　She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。　

The accident happened yesterday evening.昨天晚上发生了事故。

与及物动词的区别

及物动词与不及物动词的区别从是否需要宾语来分，实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。

　1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如：　I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。　

“How long can I keep the book ?”Harry asked.哈里问：“这本书我可以借多久?”

　2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如：　Birds fly.鸟会飞。

　It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。

My watch stopped.我的表停了。

　She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。

　3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况：

　a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较：

　Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)

　She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(begin作及物动词)

　When did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词)

　They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词)

b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如：

Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。

　Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗?

　4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况：

　a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，1isten听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如：

　We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.)

　Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较：We all heard the lecture.)

　Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)　

b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为…服务。　Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务

　及物动词后可以加宾语，不及物动词后不可以加宾语　

动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况：

　a．主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于："主+谓+宾"；"主+谓+双宾"；"主+谓+宾+宾补"结构。如：

　He reached Paris the day before yesterday.　

Please hand me the book over there.

　They asked me to go fishing with them.　

类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....　b．主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用于："主+谓"结构。

This is the room where I once lived.

　类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed....

　c．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如begin 都是作"开始"讲。everybody , our game begins. let us begin our game.

类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....

　d．既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。

　这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted. 作及物动词时是"升高；举起"。　He lifted his glass and drank.　

类似的还有：beat　vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打;　grow vi.生长 vt.　种植　play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅　ring　vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话　speak vi.讲话　vt. 说（语言）　hang　vi. 悬挂 vt.　绞死　operate vi.动手术　vt. 操作

　需要注意的一点是：少数不及物动词唯一可跟的宾语是同源宾语，如：I dreamed a dream last night.