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高考英语非谓语动词,高考英语非谓语动词优秀教学设计
tamoadmin 2024-07-06 人已围观
简介1.应对高考英语:在语法填空里面有哪些填非2.非谓语动词3.巧学英语“谓语动词”与“非谓语动词”4.高中非谓语动词5.高考单选题,如何判断非谓语作状语这个考点6.高考英语语法主要考哪些7.高考英语必背知识点有哪些?非谓语动词是指在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词。有三种:不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词,过去分词)以下举几个例子已作说明不定式:I am glad to see you.(to
1.应对高考英语:在语法填空里面有哪些填非
2.非谓语动词
3.巧学英语“谓语动词”与“非谓语动词”
4.高中非谓语动词
5.高考单选题,如何判断非谓语作状语这个考点
6.高考英语语法主要考哪些
7.高考英语必背知识点有哪些?
非谓语动词是指在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词。有三种:不定式、动名词、分词(现在分词,过去分词)以下举几个例子已作说明
不定式:I am glad to see you.(to+动词)
动名词:Playing basketball is my hobby.
现在分词:There are many people living in this village.
过去分词:I heard my name called.我听见有人叫我的名字
例题
1.We must do what we can ? those who are in trouble.
A.help B.helping C.to help D.do help
答案C 做这道题的时候你要学会图和提取有效成分,最简单的是找主谓宾,题中的是We must do 。可见主谓宾是完整的,那么A排除,D排除,再看do 后面肯定是接动词不定式 to do ,所以选C
2.Jane prefer ? to singing.
A.to dance B.dancing C.dance D.with dancing
答案B 固定搭配Prefer doing to doing Prefer 后面跟动名词
3.-Who is the boy outside?
-A boy ? himself Tom.
A.call B.called C.to call D.calling
答案D 对话翻译成中文是 -外面的那个男孩是谁?
-一个自称是Tom 的男孩。
回答的这句话有个省略,完整的应该是The boy who calls himself Tom 两种表达都可以,都做定语
4.Have you had your hair ?
A.cut B.to cut C.cutting
答案A 初中好像没有教完成时态,就是have+动词的形式,这里的have 是情态动词。不过没关系,不影响理解。这句话是问你剪头发了吗?我们都知道头发只能是被人家剪,所以选A cut的过去分词还是cut。注意如果是主动的话答案就是选C
初中的话掌握这些就差不多,最多就是变一变时态,顺便说一下方法,其实选择题就是考你分析句子的能力,如果你能分析清楚答案就非常清楚,分析最基础的就是找主谓宾,其他成分纯属修饰。希望你能得到些什么东西,我不知道初中到底教的是那些,不足之处,还请多多包涵
应对高考英语:在语法填空里面有哪些填非
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
不定式做后置定语,表示将要做(还没有做)。现在分词做定语时,位置不定,如果是一个现在分词,前置,如果是短语后置,表主动。过去分词作定语和现在分词相同,如果是一个过去分词,前哗伐糕和蕹古革汰宫咯置,如果是短语后置,表被动。
式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系。例句:
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系 例句:
Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
例句:
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
2.分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
(1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
(2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
例句:
He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
3.不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
例句:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?
非谓语动词
请参考非谓语动词考点。例如:
1. finish, enjoy, imagine, consider, suggest, escape, miss,avoid后一般要跟v-ing分词。
2. have sth done,get sth done,leave sth undone等
3. make oneself understood / heard / known /seen
但是,have sb do sth, have sb doing sth, have sth done等,具体要看用法和情景。
再如:be left doing, be left undone/ be made known, be caught doing sth
语法有很多规律,但是没有捷径,必须一点一点来。以上仅仅是非谓语动词的很小一部分。
巧学英语“谓语动词”与“非谓语动词”
高考英语语法专题讲解-主谓一致
★着重讲解混搭情况,均遵守以下原则:
1. 意义一致原则
主语后跟有以下引起的短语:谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。
1.1 (together) with: Alice (together) with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.
1.2 except/but: Every picture except/ but these two has been sold.
Nobody but Mary and I was in the classroom at that time.
1.3 no less than: His sister, no less than you, is wrong.
1.4 rather than: The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.
1.5 perhaps : Peter, perhaps John, is playing with the little dog.
1.6 like: He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.
1.7 including/ besides/ as well as
2. 就近原则
2.1 主语由以下连词连接:谓语动词与后一个主语一致:
2.2.1(Either)…or…: Either you or I am going to the movies.
2.2.2 Neither…nor…
2.2.3 Whether…or…
2.2.4 Not only…but (also)
2.2.5 Not…but…
2.2 there be 句型: be 动词与后面第一个名词一致
E.g. There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates.
2.3副词here, there, now, then, up, down, in, out, away, such连接的全部倒装结构中:谓语动词由动词后面的主语决定
On the wall hang two maps. 墙上挂着两张地图。
On the wall hangs a world of map. 墙上挂着一张世界地图。
Such is the result. 结果就是这样。
Such are the results. 这就是结果
3. 整体原则
3.1 并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数,and后面的名词没有冠词:
The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.
(一个人)
The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.
(两个人)
Bread and butter is their daily food.
3.2表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时,谓语动词常用单数形式:
E.g. Three years is not a long time.
Ten dollars is what he needs.
Five hundred miles is a long distance.
3.3复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待(人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等),动词用单数形式:
E.g. The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。
“The Arabian Nights”(《天方夜谭》)is an interesting book.
3.4集合名词people, police ,cattle作主语,谓语动词用复数形式:
E.g. The police are searching for him.
The cattle are grassing (吃草)。
4. 谓单原则
4.1 and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
E.g. Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.
No teacher and no student is absent today.
Many a student is busy with their lessons.
4.2 用many a, more than one 修饰名词时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
E.g. More than one person has made the suggestion.
Many a rough man has been civilized by his wife.
4.3 Each, Either, One, Another, The other, Neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式:
E.g. Each takes a cup of tea.
Either is correct.
4.4 由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式:
E.g. Nothing is to be done.
4.5 means, politics, physics, plastics作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.
5. 具体情况原则
5.1 all, few, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时,既可表示复数意义,也可表示单数意义,谓语动词要根据实际情况而定:
All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。
不可数-> 谓单
All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。
可数-> 谓复
Most of the wood was used to make furniture.
不可数-> 谓单
Most of the people are from England.
可数-> 谓复
5.2 the + 形容词(或分词)作主语时,常指一类人,谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念,谓语动词则用单数形式:
5.3 population当人口讲时,谓语动词用单数形式;当人们讲时,谓语动词用复数:
5.4 the number of + 名词复数,是表示“…的数字”,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;
a (large / great) number of + 名词复数,表示许多,作主语时;谓语动词用复数形式:
5.5 有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience, 等作主语时,如看作是一个整体,谓语动词则用单数形式;如强调各个成员时,谓语动词要用复数形式:
6. 先行词原则
关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
高中非谓语动词
巧学英语“谓语动词”与“非谓语动词” 摘 要:纵观历年高考,英语动词的考查可谓重中之重。然而,大部分的高中生在英语学习过程中却常常被各种动词的形式而困扰。下面,我就大部分学生最为头疼的动词问题从以下几方面谈谈
关键词:英语 谓语动词 非谓语动词
一、英语动词的分类
众所周知,英语中的动词可以充当主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语等很多成分。我们不妨以谓语为标准,主语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语都是谓语以外的成分。为了方便起见,我们把能做谓语的动词称为“谓语动词”,反之,我们把主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语这些谓语以外的'成分统称为“非谓语动词”。
我们所学过的动词形式有很多,如:动词原形、第三人称单数、过去式、不定式、过去分词和现在分词等。其中,动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词这三种动词形式不能作谓语,其它动词形式能做谓语。因此,英语动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词,谓语动词则指动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词以外的动词形式。
二、英语动词考查的重点
根据英语动词的分类可知,英语动词考查的重点之一就是区分所选择的动词是“谓语动词”还是“非谓语动词”。另外,根据动词的含义可知,动词就表示动作,一定存在主动和被动。因此,英语动词考查的重点之二就是考查动词是主动还是被动的形式。
三、巧解英语动词试题
针对英语动词考查的重点之一,在实践中我们可以考虑以下两点:第一、经过分析,所选择的动词如果作谓语就把不作谓语的动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词排除掉;第二、如所选择的动词不作谓语就从动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词中选择。
针对英语动词考查的重点之二,我们要从动词作谓语和不作谓语两方面来考虑。第一、如果所选动词作谓语,就考虑句子的主语与所选动词之间是主动还是被动关系,从而确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。第二、如果所选动词不作谓语,也要考虑动词所充当的成分。但重点考虑的成分有三个,分别为:定语、状语和宾语补足语。具体说,如果所选动词作定语,就考虑动词所修饰的中心词与所选动词之间是主动还是被动;如果所选动词作状语,就考虑句子的主语与所选动词之间是主动还是被动;如果所选动词作宾语补足语,就考虑宾语与所选动词之间是主动还是被动。 四、英语动词选择的难点
针对英语动词的考查点,发现选择难点如下:
难点一:确定主动语态还是被动语态,重点弄清各种时态的主动及被动语态(见表一)。
难点二:动词不作谓语时,重点弄清哪些动词形式为主动、那些动词形式为被动形式。针对这点,我们要考虑三点:一、动词不作谓语时的动词形式要从动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词中选择;二、要弄清动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词分别有哪些形式(见表二);三、要考虑动作所发生的时间是过去、现在还是将来,相对应的涉及到的动作就分别为做过、在做还是要做,这要把动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词综合到一起考虑。(见表三)。
五、真题演练
1.To his great joy,the day he had been looking forward to at last .
A.came B.coming C.has come D.had come
2.When the two books,I won’t pay more attention to the prices..
A. c omp a r i n g B. t o c omp a r e C.compared D.having compared
3.We should learn more from the people as national heroes.
A.knowing B.having been known C.known D.to be known
4.To be well prepared for the meeting next week,the manager is busy collecting necessary information.
A.held B.to be held C.being held D.having held
5.With the guide us ,we had little difficulty finding the destination.
A.to help B.having helped C. helping D.helped
Keys:A A C B C ;
高考单选题,如何判断非谓语作状语这个考点
1、Hearing?the?dog?barking?fiercely,away___?
选择:B.?fled?the?thief
解析:
away?fled?the?thief是倒装句,意思等于the?thieffledaway(小偷迅速逃跑了)
如果把与介词同形的小品副词提前,句子要求倒装,像away这类的副词要加重语气读出来,把原来平铺直叙变成了一种动态效果,意思成了“一下子就如何了”。比如本句,等于汉语的“一溜烟地逃跑了”。另如:
Over?flew?a?bird.?一只鸟嗖的一声飞了过去。
In?ran?a?boy.?一个男孩子飞身跑了进来。
2. A?few?days?after?the?interview,?I?received?a?letter___?me?admission?to?the?university.
解析:
后面的现在分词短语offeringme?admission?to?the?university是a?letter的后置定语。相当于定语从句的功能,因此也可以改写为?which?offered?me?admission?to?the?university(关系代词which?指代?letter,=?the?letter?offered?me?admission?to?the?university[这封信表示愿意接受我进入这所大学])。
如果用?offered,就变成了?the?letter?was?offered,后面也得相应改为?to?me?and?informed?me?that?I?was?admitted?to?the?university,意思是“有人把这封信提供给了我,这封信通知允许我进入这所大学”
高考英语语法主要考哪些
高考英语中非谓语动词试题的实用技巧:用作结果状语时,可用现在分词或不定式,其原则区别是:一般要用现在分词,不定式用作结果状语主要用于某些特定旬式中 。 技巧一 用作目的状语.原则上要用不定式
1.When asked why he went there,he said he was sent there — — for a space flight.(2007江西卷)
A.training B.being trained C.to have trained D.to be trained
解析J答案选D。由于被训练进行航空飞行是他被派往那儿的目的,所以要用不定式,因此可排除A和B。另外.由于“他”与“训练”之间为被动关系,故选D。
2.— — this cake,you’11 need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour. (2006广东卷)
A.Having made B.Make C.To make D.Making
解析答案选C。由于是表示目的,故要用不定式,句意为:为了要做这块蛋糕,你需要2只鸡蛋、175克糖和175克面粉
技巧二 用于名词后作定语时,使用非谓语动词的原则是:用不定式,表示动作尚未发生;用现在分词,表示动作正在进行;用过去分词,表示动作已经发生,同时表示被动意义
1.The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.2006四川卷.
A.hold B.holding C.held D.to be held
解析答案选D。由于2008年奥运会尚未举行,故要用不定式
技巧三 用作伴随状语.原则上要用现在分词
1.As the light turned green,I stood for a moment,not— — , and asked myself what 1was going to do. (2007湖南卷)
A.moved B.moving C.to move D.being moved
解析答案选B。由于与句子主语I之间为主动关系,且表示当时持续了一会儿,故用现在分词。句意为:当信号灯变绿时,我站在那儿一会儿没动,心想自己该怎么办
2.Peter received a letter just nOW — — his grandma would come to see him soon
A.said B.says C.saying D.to say
解析答案选C。此处用现在分词表伴随,又如:A card came yesterday saying Tom willarrive tomorrow.昨天收到的明信片上说,汤姆明天到。Alan received a telegram saying hisfather was il1.埃伦收到一封电报.说是他父亲生病了
3.W henever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly,always— — the same thing. (2006江苏卷)
A.saying B.said C.to say D.having said
解析答案选A。现在分词saying在此表示伴随。
4. We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, that allchildren like these things.
A.thinking B.think C.to think D.thought
解析答案选A。现在分词thinking在此表示伴随。
技巧四 用作结果状语时,可用现在分词或不定式,其原则区别是:一般要用现在分词,不定式用作结果状语主要用于某些特定旬式中
1.The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance,— — inthe natural light during the day. (2007天津卷)
A.to let B.1etting C.1et D.having let
解析1答案选B。此处用现在分词表示结果。又如:It rained heavily,causing severe 19flooding in that place.大雨滂沱,造成了那个地方洪水泛滥。
2.Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year,— — a record us$57.65 a barrel on April 4. 一 (2005山东卷
A.have reached B.reaching C.to reach D.to be reaching
解析答案选B。伴随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果,用现在分词作结果状语。 注:在en0ugh to do sth.,too---to do sth.,0nly t0 do sth.等特定句式中,习惯上要用不定语式表示结果 如:
1.He hun’led to the booking office only— —that al1 the tickets had been sold out.(2006陕西卷)
A.to tell B.to be told C.telling D.told
解析答案选B。only to do sth.在此表示出人意料的结果。
2.He hurried to the station only that the train had left. 2005广东卷
A.to find B.finding C.found D.to have found
解析答案选A。only to do sth.在此表示出人意料的结果。
技巧五 凡是含有被动意义时.原则上要用过去分词。但是.如果所涉及的动作尚未发生,则用不定式的被动式:如果所涉及的动作正在进行.则用现在分词的被动式
1.The children talked SO loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle — —.(2007浙江卷)A.to be heard B.to have heard C.hearing D.being heard
解析答案选A。根据句意,此处指的是“被听见”,故要用被动式,因此可排除B和c。另. .外。由于“设法被听见”为目的状语,动作在当时尚未发生,故用不定式,即选A。
2.The repairs cost a lot,but it’ money well— —.A.to spend B.spent C.being spent D.spending
解析答案选B。由于money与spend之间为被动关系,故用过去分词。
3.Five people won the “China’S Green Figure” award,a title — — tofor their contributions to environmental protection.A.being given B.is given C.given D.was given
解析答案选C。由于title与give之间为被动关系,故用过去分词。
技巧六 谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语原则上应与主句主语保持一致(2005湖北卷)
1.Faced with a bill for$10,000,— —. (2006陕西卷)A.John has taken an extra iob B.the boss has given John an extra iobC.an extra iob has been taken D.an extra iob has been given to John
解析答案选A。由于(be)faced with的逻辑主语是John,故答案只能选A。
2.W hile watching television,— —. 2005全国卷III
A.the door bell rang B.the doorbell ringsC.we heard the doorbell ring D.we heard the doorbell rings
解析答案选c。因为watching的逻辑主语一定是we,排除选项A和B;又因在hear后作宾补的是省略了to的不定式,所以选项D中的rings是错误的。
技巧七 强调动作发生在主句谓语动作之前时,原则上要用完成式(根据情况可用不定式的完成式或现在分词的完成式)
1. — — from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (2005湖北卷
A.Being separated B.Having separated C.Having been separated D,To be separated
解析答案选C。因为Australia与separate之间是被动关系,且separate发生在谓语动词has之前,所以用现在分词的完成被动式作原因状语
2.The manager,— — it clear to us that he didn’t agree with US,left the meeting room.f2005江西卷
A.who has madeB.having made C.made D.making
解析答案选B。因为The manager与make之间是主动关系,且make发生在谓语left之前,所以用现在分词的完成式作状语,having made.相当于who had made. 的意思。
技巧八对于固定搭配.原则上按搭配习惯处理
l、— — with SO much trouble,we failed to complete the task on time. 2006四川卷)
A.Faced B.Face C.Facing D.To face
解析答案选A。(be)faced with为固定搭配,其意为“面对”,又如:TheY are all facedwith the same problem.他们都面临同样的问题
2、— — in a white uniforln,he looks more like a cook than a doctor. 2005湖南卷)
A.Dressed B.To dress C.Dressing D.Having dressed
解析答案选A。(be)dressed in为固定搭配,其意为“穿着..”,句中的Dressed in.表原因.相当于As he is dressed in. 的意思
高考英语必背知识点有哪些?
一、非谓语动词
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel).二听(hear,listen to),三让(have,1et, make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing。还有“二让”属特殊:get somebody to do something 与keep somebody doing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话:Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit,advise, practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受)。 为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;
advise/suggest, avoid,risk: consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require,mind. can't help/can’t stand。
二、复合句
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定语从句)
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语, 无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或 宾语,而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与 which:that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级:which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。
例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
C、I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外,还可以作形式主语。而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后。
例如:It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语。这些表语是:无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good);工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、又危险(a danger)。
例如:A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.
2、It还可以作形式宾语。通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语:2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge, make)。
例如:A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于强调句式。要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、 状语),可以把it当作先行词。这种句子的结构是:It is(was)+ 被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分。
例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)
但要注意与定语从句的区别。
例如:D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定语从句)
在强调句式里,我们把强调结构It is(was)…that除去,句子还很完整。如例句C。而例句D就不能。
四、倒装结构
学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装。如何区分之,编个顺口溜:副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒装,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动,让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句,不
倒装的属特殊。下面举例说明:
A、Here comes the bus.(副词提前,全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语,不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前,全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句,表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修饰状语,主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语.不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语,不倒装)
五、虚拟语气
虚拟语气也是一个难点。所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实。它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。现归纳如下:纯假设,用虚拟,动词时态退一级:条件句,分主从,主句谓语前加would (should,could,might);表愿望,用虚拟,wish后面接宾语(从句):现在过去与将来,动词时态退一级:提建议,用虚拟,宾语(从句)动词用(should)do:俩建议,三要求,再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order):It is time和eoukd rather,后接丛句用虚拟:部分主语从句中, 谓语用虚拟结构 (It is necessry /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do)。 下面举例说明:
A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (条件句虚拟)
B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟)
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now.(特殊从句虚拟)
F、I would rather you gave me the book.(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday,(主语从句虚拟)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English. (特殊从句虚拟)
总之,语法是从语言实践中总结出来的规则,要边学边寻找规律,以提高学习效率。在学习中不能只记一些语法规则,要进行实践练习。通过练习,可以发现和纠正错误,而且有利于况固所学知识。
一、谓语动词和非谓语动词
从是否能充当句子中的谓语来看,动词有谓语动词和非谓语动词两大类。
1、谓语动词
有人称和数的变化。如:He?is?a tractor driver.他是一个拖拉机手。
2、非谓语动词?
非谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词三种,在句子里都不能单独作谓语,没有人称和数的变化。如:I am pleased?to meet you.我很高兴与你相识。(动词不定式)
二、实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词
从其含义来分,动词有实义动词(notional verb),连系动词(link verb),情态动词(modal verb)和助动词(auxiliary verb)四类。
1、实义动词?
实义动词有完全的词义,并能独立作谓语动词。
如:The sun?shone?brightly this morning.
今天早晨阳光灿烂。
2、连系动词?
连系动词在句中作谓语动词,后面跟表语。英语连系动词有be(是),seem(似乎),look(看来),keep(保持),become(变成),get(变得),grow(变得),feel(感到),turn(变得,变成),appear(显得),remain(仍旧是)等。
如:It?is?never too late to mend.
改过不嫌晚。
3、情态动词?
情态动词有can (能),may (可以,也许),must(必须)等,表示能力、义务、必要、猜测等说话人的语气或情态。情态动词只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。
4、助动词?
助动词有shall,will,have,be,should,wonld, do等。它们只能和主要动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气等动词形式,以及否定和疑问等结构中的谓语动词。
三、及物动词和不及物动词
从是否能直接跟宾语来分,实义动词又有及物动词和不及物动词两类。
1、及物动词?
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。
如:I?believe?that the committee will?consider?our suggestion.
我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。
2、不及物动词?
本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。
如:It?happened?in June 1932.
这件事发生于一九三;年六月。
3、兼作及物动词和不及物动词?
英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
a) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,意义不变。试比较:
Shall I begin at once?我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词)
She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词)
b) 兼作及物动词和不及物动词时,有时意义不尽相同。
如:Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。
四、情态动词
在行为动词、连系动词以外,还有两类动词,其中之一就是情态动词。从字面上看,我们就知道这是表示“感情与态度”的动词。
比如:I?can?do it without much difficulty. (能够,表示自信)
事实上,情态动词的英文说法modal verb,还是值得推敲的。modal,来自于名词mode,和modality(模式,方式)紧密相关,包括likelihood可能性, ability 能力, permission 许可与obligation责任这四种模式。
情态动词自身所具备的意义一般来说也是不完整的,不过和需要涉及其他事物的及物动词不同,情态动词不涉及其他事物,需要的是其他动词,即行为动词和连系动词,来配合使用。
一般来说情态动词是不能用作行为动词的,但也有例外,比如need,既可以用作情态动词,也可以是行为动词,看它的后面跟的是什么。
五、助动词
还有一类动词,也是意义上不完整、需要配合行为动词、连系动词使用的,那就是助动词。顾名思义,助动词就是用来帮助主要动词构成谓语的。
主要包括进行时态的be(is / am / are / was / were)、一般时态的do / does / did,将来时态的will / shall / would / should和完成时态的have / has / had。这种动词的英文名称叫auxiliary verb,简写是v. aux.。
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